“…Many tools have been used to extract features from ECG signals, such as wavelet transform ( 113 ), PCA ( 125 ), statistics ( 126 ), analysis-based autocorrelation ( 127 ), Fourier transform ( 128 ), singular value decomposition SVD, variational mode decomposition VMD ( 129 ), Hilbert transform ( 130 ), and morphological methods ( 131 ). Several features have been extracted ( 132 ), for example, morphological features (commonly P, Q, R, S, T, and U waves) ( 121 , 126 , 133 ), statistical features (energy, mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, kurtosis and skewness) ( 126 ), wavelet features (coefficients and metrics extracted from continuous WT, Dual-Tree complex WT, tunable Q factor WT, flexible analytic WT and dyadic DWT) ( 134 – 136 ) and others, such as Lyapunov Exponents ( 137 ), the ratio of power spectrum ( 138 ), power spectral density ( 138 ), Kolmogorov Sinai entropy ( 137 ), and Kolmogorov complexity ( 137 ).…”