Mumbai slums since independence: Evaluating the policy outcomes

Bardhan, Ronita; Sarkar, Sayantani; Jana, Arnab; Velaga, Nagendra R.

doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.07.009

Cited by 93 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The housing choice in the rental market is not affordable to the urban poor who constitute over 42% of the Mumbai population. The government in Mumbai has been resorting to a slum rehabilitation housing program (providing mass low-cost affordable housing to selected people from a slum) in its ongoing planned modernization since 1995 [6]. One of the significant aspects of the sustainability of slum rehabilitation housing is the residential satisfaction from the residents' perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Residential Satisfaction in Slum Rehabilitation Housing in Mumbai

2020

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Affordable housing for the low-income population, who mostly live in slums, is an endemic challenge for cities in developing countries. As a remedy for the slum-free city, most of the major metropolis are resorting to slum rehabilitation housing. Rehabilitation connotes the improved quality of life that provides contentment, yet what entails residential satisfaction in such low-income situations remains a blind spot in literature. The study aims to examine the factors affecting residential satisfaction of slum rehabilitation housing in Mumbai, India. Here, the moderation effects of sociodemographic characteristics between residential satisfaction and its predictors are elaborated using a causal model. Data on residents' perception of the residential environment were collected from 981 households in three different slum rehabilitation housing areas spatially spread across Mumbai. The causal model indicated that residential satisfaction was significantly determined by internal conditions of dwelling resulting from design, community environment and access to facilities. Gender, age, mother tongue, presence of children, senior citizens in the family, and education moderate the relationship between residential satisfaction and its predictors. The need for design and planning with the user's perspective is highlighted to improve the quality of life.Sustainability 2020, 12, 2344 2 of 22 entails residential satisfaction in such low-income situations remains a blind spot in literature. There is a need to find ways to improve the housing conditions that take into consideration the satisfaction and well-being of the residents [7].When moving from slums to newly built high-rise apartment buildings (slum rehabilitation housing), the residents' physical living conditions were certainly improved. Little is known regarding their social and economic changes. Would the residents sustain in the slum rehabilitation housing in the coming years? This study aims to find out the residential satisfaction of the urban poor living in the slum rehabilitation housing in Mumbai (that is, how satisfied are the residents with the dwelling, building, and neighborhood overall), and its determinants. In doing so, the study explores the moderation effects of sociodemographic characteristics on the relationship between residential satisfaction and its proposed predictors. The goal is to derive recommendations for improving the existing slum rehabilitation housing under the slum rehabilitation program. The results can impact 900 million people including the 5.2 million Mumbai population who live in urban informal settlements or slums [8]. Additionally, the study contributes to developing approaches for sustainable urban renewal. According to Renigier-Biłozor et al.[9], a rating system shortens the time and brings objectivity in the decision-making process. So, understanding the factors affecting residential satisfaction is crucial for planning an effective and sustainable rehabilitation housing policy.The traditional mass housing design focuses on qu...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Residential Satisfaction in Slum Rehabilitation Housing in Mumbai

2020

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“…However, the distributional benefits of energy systems are often overlooked in urban planning narratives, as land-use zoning for infill and high-rise developments become a policy priority [45,46]. This approach has a similar effect in the planning of slum rehabilitation programs, where the aim of the developers remains to maximise occupancy and to fill the housing deficit [47]. In the slum rehabilitation housing of Mumbai, India, the high-rise development policy has severe negative ramifications on the quality of life of occupants as they get restricted fresh air, daylight, open spaces, sanitation, and hygiene conditions [18,19].…”

Section: Built Environment and Energy Justice: Intersection Of Sustaimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past two decades, close to 0.15 million tenements have been rehabilitated using this model [57]. This policy provided the slum dweller access to a cross-subsidised, free-of-cost house, without burdening their time or economic poverty [47]. Recent studies have shown that these housing units lack the basic guidelines design, energy efficiency, or socio-cultural considerations [55] that imposes energy and health burdens on the occupants [18,57].…”

Section: Data Collection and Survey Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Justice in Slum Rehabilitation Housing: An Empirical Exploration of Built Environment Effects on Socio-Cultural Energy Demand

et al. 2020

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The interaction of energy and buildings institutes a complex socio-technical system that influences the eudemonic well-being of the occupants. Understanding these drivers become even more necessary in impoverished areas where occupants struggle to avail essential energy services. The literature indicates that energy injustice can be addressed through provisioning of comfort, cleanliness, and convenience (3Cs) as critical cultural energy services in low-income areas. This study investigates the socio-architectural influence for slum rehabilitation housing (SRH) on cultural energy services that can promote distributive justice. The methodology adopts an empirical route using data from 200 household surveys from SRH in Mumbai, India, and João Pessoa, Brazil. A model between the 3Cs and socio-architectural elements was established using Firth's binary logistic regression. The survey results showed that the SRH in Brazil had twice the appliance ownership as compared to the Mumbai SRH. There were distinct energy service preferences in the study areas, despite common poverty burdens. The empirical results showed that the lack of socio-architectural design elements like open spaces, privacy, and walkability in the study areas demanded specific comfort and convenience appliances as a counter-response. A critical policy implication drawn was on the need for socio-architectural inclusive energy planning for distributive justice in poverty. Mitigating rising energy demand through appropriate built environment design of slum rehabilitation housing can contribute to fulfilling the UN's SDG 7 (clean and affordable energy) and 11 (sustainable cities and communities) goals.Sustainability 2020, 12, 3027 2 of 27 that determine the energy culture of a place [3]. Understanding energy culture can aid in designing "just" policies in a bottom-up targeted manner for equitable distribution of energy resources, especially for poverty alleviation [4,5].Energy cultures are derived from everyday energy practices, norms, and the material reality of the built environment that drives the need for specific energy services [6]. An energy culture translates everyday energy consumption into household welfare, which promotes energy justice. It is the responsibility of an energy-just system to increase welfare by improving individuals' capabilities for maximising utility [7]. Distributive energy justice entitles people to a basic set of minimum energy services that enhance their eudemonic well-being [8]. However, the current literature lacks evidence on the thresholds of a minimum of energy services as energy consumption at a household level is principally viewed as a physical quantity that is measured in a standardised unit (kilowatt-hour (kWh)) [9].Besides, at the individual level, energy is consumed in the form of "cultural energy services", which is driven by a complex socio-technical system of energy and built environment interaction [6,10,11]. This complex system is collectively referred to as human-scale energy services (HUSES) [12]. Anthropolo...

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“…In 1988 the National Housing Bank was set up as a subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India to finance housing schemes (Sivam and Karuppannan, 2002). Bardhan et al (2015) have analysed four groups of policies to explain the impact on low income households in Mumbai: i) land and housing, (ii) related to clearance and eviction, (iii) upgradation and redevelopment, and (iv) recent initiatives. The first group consists of the two major policies implemented by the Central government -the Rent Control Act (1947) and the Urban Land Ceiling Act (1976).…”

Section: Slum Free Citiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Mumbai on an average a slum dweller family spends INR 30 000 to 50 000 in constructing their house, due to demolition (Das, 2003). Bardhan et al (2015) have discussed the verdict given by the Supreme Court of Indian against the eviction of illegal settlements in the Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation court case in 1985,where the Supreme court identified the relation between habitation and livelihood (Ramanathan, 2005). This can be regarded as the initiation of the in situ slum improvement schemes.…”

Section: Slum Free Citiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives for Integrating Housing Location Considerations and Transport Planning as a Means to Face Social Exclusion in Indian Cities

Tiwari¹

2016

International Transport Forum Discussion Papers

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Mumbai slums since independence: Evaluating the policy outcomes

Cited by 93 publications

References 36 publications

Factors Affecting Residential Satisfaction in Slum Rehabilitation Housing in Mumbai

Factors Affecting Residential Satisfaction in Slum Rehabilitation Housing in Mumbai

Energy Justice in Slum Rehabilitation Housing: An Empirical Exploration of Built Environment Effects on Socio-Cultural Energy Demand

Perspectives for Integrating Housing Location Considerations and Transport Planning as a Means to Face Social Exclusion in Indian Cities

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