Municipal solid waste prevention: A review of market-based instruments in six European Union countries

Abstract

This article focuses on quantitative prevention of municipal solid waste among the 28 member countries of the European Union. A strict definition of waste prevention is used, including waste avoidance, waste reduction at source or in process, and product reuse, while recycling is outside the scope of this article. In order to provide a solid overview of the European situation, the study selected six countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania and Spain). Several selection requirements have been considered, such as geographic location or municipal solid waste per capita production trends from 1995 to 2017. A review of prevention programmes and other national strategic documents has been conducted. Extended producer responsibility, Pay-As-You-Throw schemes, Deposit-Refund Systems and Environmental Taxes implementation among the selected countries have been studied in order to understand how these market-based instruments can be used for the sake of waste prevention. Each market-based instrument has been further analysed using the Drivers Pressures State Impact Response model. Based on the results of this study, the effectiveness of market-based instruments implementation is strictly related to the context they are enforced in. It is particularly important to tailor the market-based instruments based on the implementation area. Nevertheless, market-based instruments, which are now mostly meant to boost the recycling sector of the considered Member States, should be designed to improve waste prevention performances, ensuring the achievement of the highest level of waste hierarchy promoted by the European Union.

Evolution of the Urban Waste Management System in the Emilia-Romagna Region

“…Even though the first results from the municipalities in which PAYT systems have been implemented suggest that per capita waste production is 10%-15% lower than the average production in the region, the regional target on waste production (set in the regional WM plan) is far from being achieved. Moreover, the effectiveness of PAYT schemes on waste reduction seems to be mostly affected by how the system is designed (Magrini et al, 2020).…”

Household Food Waste Policy: A Literature Review

“…For example, the "Pay-As-You-Throw" (PAYT), is a popular economic incentive implemented worldwide. PAYT can be implemented through volume, frequency or weightbased accounting, with bins assigned individually or collectively, or through the use of a pre-pad sack, tag, sticker, or token (16)(17). The PAYT is a system based upon the polluter-pays principle, and it has been carried out in the Europe, United States of America, Canada, and several countries in Asia (17)(18)(19)(20).…”

“…PAYT can be implemented through volume, frequency or weightbased accounting, with bins assigned individually or collectively, or through the use of a pre-pad sack, tag, sticker, or token (16)(17). The PAYT is a system based upon the polluter-pays principle, and it has been carried out in the Europe, United States of America, Canada, and several countries in Asia (17)(18)(19)(20). For example, South Korea has successfully reduced food waste at the household level by applying this system (19).…”

Using Internet of Things and Distributed Ledger Technology for Digital Circular Economy Enablement: The Case of Electronic Equipment

“…In parallel, pressure on EEE producers rises, considering the reinforcement of EPR or the collection and recycling targets set by recent policies [45].…”