Municipal water reuse for urban agriculture in Namibia: Modeling nutrient and salt flows as impacted by sanitation user behavior

Woltersdorf, L.; Scheidegger, Ruth; Liehr, Stefan; Döll, Petra

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.025

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, there are important differences between both countries in terms of legislation and technological infrastructure. In both cases, water is a national priority and both governments have solid strategies to promote water reuse [48,49]. Other countries are promoting water reuse in many purposes except for drinking water; this is the case of Mexico, China, Jordan, Australia, India, and South Africa.…”

Section: Legislation and Guidelines Around The Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Guerra-Rodríguez

Oulego

Rodríguez

et al. 2020

Water

132

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The advancement of science has facilitated increase in the human lifespan, reflected in economic and population growth, which unfortunately leads to increased exploitation of resources. This situation entails not only depletion of resources, but also increases environmental pollution, mainly due to atmospheric emissions, wastewater effluents, and solid wastes. In this scenario, it is compulsory to adopt a paradigm change, as far as the consumption of resources by the population is concerned, to achieve a circular economy. The recovery and reuse of resources are key points, leading to a decrease in the consumption of raw materials, waste reduction, and improvement of energy efficiency. This is the reason why the concept of the circular economy can be applied in any industrial activity, including the wastewater treatment sector. With this in view, this review manuscript focuses on demonstrating the challenges and opportunities in applying a circular economy in the water sector. For example, reclamation and reuse of wastewater to increase water resources, by paying particular attention to the risks for human health, recovery of nutrients, or highly added-value products (e.g., metals and biomolecules among others), valorisation of sewage sludge, and/or recovery of energy. Being aware of this situation, in the European, Union 18 out of 27 countries are already reusing reclaimed wastewater at some level. Moreover, many wastewater treatment plants have reached energy self-sufficiency, producing up to 150% of their energy requirements. Unfortunately, many of the opportunities presented in this work are far from becoming a reality. Still, the first step is always to become aware of the problem and work on optimizing the solution to make it possible.

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Section: Legislation and Guidelines Around The Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Guerra-Rodríguez

Oulego

Rodríguez

et al. 2020

Water

132

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“…Spatial distribution of Cl − in groundwater was predominant in the southwestern areas, especially near the coastal areas. Naturally and anthropogenically, it was attributed to the domestic sewage and seawater intrusion [26,34]. NaCl is discharged from households as dishwater or excreta, and salty substances flow into the sewer pipe [34].…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of High Hcomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, NO 3 − concentration in groundwater of residential areas was approximately equal to that of rice paddies (Table 3). This was because groundwater NO 3 − originated not only from agricultural activities but also from domestic activities in the residential areas [34]. Meanwhile, the Korean groundwater standards of domestic and agricultural water for NO 3 − is 88.6 mg/L (NO 3 − -N is 20 mg/L) [41].…”

Section: Fertilizers Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Controlling the Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trend of Nationwide Groundwater Quality in Korea

et al. 2020

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Factors controlling the spatial distribution and temporal trend of groundwater quality at a national scale are important to investigate for sustaining livelihood and ecological balance. This study evaluated groundwater quality data for 12 parameters (n = 6405 for each parameter), collected from 97 groundwater monitoring stations (=289 monitoring wells) for ten years. Spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters varied through the regional scale. Six parameters: T, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, and Cl− were having dominant increasing trend, remaining pH, Eh, Na+, K+, SO42−, and NO3− showed a dominant decreasing trend over time. Among land use types, the upland fields had the highest mean of groundwater NO3− (22.2 mg/L), confirming plenty of application of fertilizers (5–10 kg/a more than standard) to upland fields. Means of groundwater Cl− and Na+ (705.3 and 298.4 mg/L, respectively) in the residential areas are greater than those in other land use types by 408–685.9, 154.3–274.2 mg/L, respectively. Agricultural activities were the main controlling factor of groundwater NO3− contamination in rural areas, domestic activities were responsible for groundwater Cl− and Na+ in urban areas, and seawater intrusion was controlling groundwater Cl− in coastal areas (within 10 km from sea). Groundwater hydrochemistry was controlled by the mechanism of geogenic rock and evaporation dominance. The rock dominance mechanism indicated that groundwater was interacting with rocks and resulted in groundwater chemistry. The findings of this study showed that groundwater was mainly contaminated by anthropogenic factors in some rural and residential areas. Effective measures by government authorities are needed to improve the groundwater quality.

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“…Therefore, the use of reclaimed water could eventually lead to the reduced usage of commercial fertilizers (Jim� enez-Cisneros, 2014a; Qadir et al, 2010a;Srinivasan et al, 2013). This is of particular importance for the case of phosphorous, due to limited available quantities of high-quality phosphorus rock in the world and predicted price increases of artificial fertilisers (Elser and Bennett, 2011;Woltersdorf et al, 2016). Furthermore, water reclamation leads to revenue generation (Jim� enez-Cisneros, 2014b), which has the potential to support the improvement of sanitation services, as wastewater works can become revenue sources instead of simply being costly services.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of (partially) treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture; potentials and constraints for sub-Saharan Africa

Janeiro

Arsénio

Brito

et al. 2020

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

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This review identifies the potentials and constraints of using (partially) treated or blended wastewater for irrigation in order to assess the potentials in the context of cities in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically Maputo, the capital of Mozambique. Less than 5% of the wastewater produced in the region is being treated. Nonetheless, untreated, partially treated, and/or blended wastewater is extensively being used for agricultural purposes. Despite the last updated WHO 2006 guidelines for 'wastewater use in agriculture', authorities only consider the different water quality parameters at the point of use. Other aspects such as irrigation type, crop management and post harvesting practices, which clearly influence the contaminant log reduction, are simply ignored. Those parameters, however, are considered alternatives to a classic contaminant log reduction, which may be very beneficial for developing countries. In a more holistic approach, trade-off is favoured between the required water quality for irrigation, use of affordable treatment technologies, and adequate post-harvest strategies to reduce the current health risks to acceptable levels. Such a trade-off makes use of multiple barrier approach, whereby wastewater treatment and critical point barriers throughout the supply chain are combined. Thus, there is a long way ahead to achieve proper water reclamation for productive use; the current paradigm has to change. Current restrictive guidelines are unrealistic given current practices, and approaches more appropriate to the location's situation still need to be developed. A multiple barrier approach in combination with master planning is recommended to consider wastewater treatment and critical point barriers throughout the supply chain.

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Municipal water reuse for urban agriculture in Namibia: Modeling nutrient and salt flows as impacted by sanitation user behavior

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Factors Controlling the Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trend of Nationwide Groundwater Quality in Korea

Use of (partially) treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture; potentials and constraints for sub-Saharan Africa

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