Muons in extensive air showers. I. The lateral distribution of muons

Blake, P. R.; Nash, W. F.

doi:10.1088/0954-3899/21/1/013

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The study of the number of muons is particularly interesting as the accuracy of the simulation predictions is challenged by requiring specific modelling of the number of generations of hadronic interactions and of the properties of their final state, such as the multiplicity and the average fraction of electromagnetic energy per interaction carried by neutral pions. The measurement of muon-number related quantities has thus been a long-standing effort carried on with groundbased detector arrays (see, e.g., [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]). Several hints that the muon number is larger in observations than in simulations have been reported, with higher tensions at the highest energies [10], although the significance of the measurements is difficult to assess due to the uncertainty in the absolute energy calibration of the showers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between $$\mathbf { 2\times 10^{17}}$$ and $$\mathbf {2\times 10^{18}}~$$eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between $$2\times 10^{17}$$2×1017 and $$2\times 10^{18}$$2×1018 eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at $$10^{{17.5}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$1017.5eV and $$10^{{18}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$1018eV. We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of $$38\%$$38%$$\pm 4\% (12\%)$$±4%(12%)$$\pm {}^{21\%}_{18\%}$$±18%21% for EPOS-LHC, and of $$50\% (53\%)$$50%(53%)$$\pm 4\% (13\%)$$±4%(13%)$$\pm {}^{23\%}_{20\%}$$±20%23% for QGSJetII-04, is respectively needed.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between $$\mathbf { 2\times 10^{17}}$$ and $$\mathbf {2\times 10^{18}}~$$eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, under a high-voltage DC field, space charges can accumulate in polyethylene, which can distort the electrical field and cause partial discharge. Furthermore, the process of trapping and de-trapping of electrons or holes is accompanied by the release of energy, leading to the aging of insulation materials [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the electrical properties of XLPE/SiC nanocomposites

Wang

Xiao

2016

Polymer Testing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The interface between nanoparticles and the polymer matrix, which dominates the electrical properties of nanocomposites, can effectively improve the DC breakdown and suppress space charge accumulation in nanocomposites. To research the interface characteristics, XLPE/SiC nanocomposites with concentrations of 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt% were prepared. The DC breakdown, dielectric properties and space charge behavior were examined using pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) equipment and a dielectric analyzer. The test results show that the nanocomposites with concentrations of 1 wt% and 3 wt% have higher DC breakdown field strength than neat XLPE. In contrast, there is a lower DC breakdown strength at a concentration of 5 wt%, possibly due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle doping increases the real and imaginary permittivities over those of neat XLPE. Furthermore, with increasing concentration, a larger increase in the permittivity amplitude was observed. Based on the space charge behavior, all nanocomposites could suppress space charge accumulation, but the nanocomposite with a concentration of 1 wt% exhibited the best effect. Meanwhile, heterocharge accumulation near electrodes was observed in neat XLPE and the nanocomposite with a concentration of 5 wt%. In contrast, homocharge accumulation near electrodes was observed in the nanocomposite with a concentration of 3 wt%. This phenomenon may be due to different amounts of shallow traps in nanocomposites with different concentrations, which might lead to differing electron or hole mobility.

show abstract

“…Such clusters, as various scattering experiments indicate [39][40][41][42][43], can exist in nuclei and even in deuteron [44,45]. More information on multiquark clusters can be found in reviews [46,47]. Other examples of clusters whose description is mainly based on quantum mechanics are nuclei themselves, alpha clusters [48], resonant nuclear clusters [49,50] and metallic clusters [51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation and condensation of clusters

Yukalov

Yukalova

1996

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Influence of surrounding matter on the properties of clusters is considered by an approach combining the methods of statistical and quantum mechanics. A cluster is treated as a bound N -particle system and surrounding matter as thermostat. It is shown that, despite arbitrary strong interactions between particles, cluster energy can be calculated by using the controlled perturbation theory. The accuracy of the latter is found to be much higher than that of the quasiclassical approximation. Spectral distribution is obtained by minimizing conditional entropy. Increasing the thermostat temperature leads to the depletion of bound states. The characteristic temperature when bound states become essentially depleated defines the temperature of cluster evaporation. The inverse process of lowering the thermostate temperature, yielding the filling of bound states, corresponds to cluster condensation.

show abstract

Muons in extensive air showers. I. The lateral distribution of muons

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between $$\mathbf { 2\times 10^{17}}$$ and $$\mathbf {2\times 10^{18}}~$$eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between $$\mathbf { 2\times 10^{17}}$$ and $$\mathbf {2\times 10^{18}}~$$eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Investigation of the electrical properties of XLPE/SiC nanocomposites

Evaporation and condensation of clusters

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About