Murine Sperm Expresses Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Family that Responds to the Pathogens Released from Virus, and Decreases Fertilization Ability by the Stimuli

Mihara, Toshihiro; Fukumoto, Keita; Okazaki, Tetsuji; Shimada, M.

doi:10.1274/jmor.27.136

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 33 publications

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“…In an in vitro culture study, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ligand of Gpr34 and Gpr174 , induces the acrosome reaction of bull sperm [31]. TLR7/8 are expressed in mouse sperm [32], and the activation of TLR7/8 suppresses the motility of mouse and human sperm [33]. Although these studies indicated the possibility that receptors encoded by the X chromosome receptors might mediate functional differences between X-sperm and Y-sperm, functional differences in X-sperm and Y-sperm that might be related to X chromosome–specific transcription have not previously been determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of Toll-like receptor 7/8 encoded by the X chromosome alters sperm motility and provides a novel simple technology for sexing sperm

2019

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In most mammals, the male to female sex ratio of offspring is about 50% because half of the sperm contain either the Y chromosome or X chromosome. In mice, the Y chromosome encodes fewer than 700 genes, whereas the X chromosome encodes over 3,000 genes. Although overall gene expression is lower in sperm than in somatic cells, transcription is activated selectively in round spermatids. By regulating the expression of specific genes, we hypothesized that the X chromosome might exert functional differences in sperm that are usually masked during fertilization. In this study, we found that Toll-like receptors 7/8 (TLR7/ 8) coding the X chromosome were expressed by approximately 50% of the round spermatids in testis and in approximately 50% of the epididymal sperm. Especially, TLR7 was localized to the tail, and TLR8 was localized to the midpiece. Ligand activation of TLR7/8 selectively suppressed the mobility of the X chromosome-bearing sperm (X-sperm) but not the Y-sperm without altering sperm viability or acrosome formation. The difference in sperm motility allowed for the separation of Y-sperm from X-sperm. Following in vitro fertilization using the ligand-selected high-mobility sperm, 90% of the embryos were XY male. Likewise, 83% of the pups obtained following embryo transfer were XY males. Conversely, the TLR7/8-activated, slow mobility sperm produced embryos and pups that were 81% XX females. Therefore, the functional differences between Y-sperm and X-sperm motility were revealed and related to different gene expression patterns, specifically TLR7/8 on X-sperm. Activation of Toll-like receptor 7/8 encoded by the X chromosome alters sperm motility and provides a novel simple technology for sexing sperm. PLoS Biol 17(8): e3000398. https://doi.including the nuclear condensation, acrosome formation, and the elongation of the sperm flagella [3,4]. As indicated by studies using knockout mouse models, the morphological changes associated with spermiogenesis are associated with the expression of various genes, including Tekt, Tnp, and Gba2 in the round spermatids [5][6][7]. Thus, active gene transcription occurs on chromosomes, including sex chromosomes, in haploid male germ cells, and some of them are essential for cell survival [8]. Using the cytoplasmic bridges between spermatids, cytoplasm including RNAs and proteins are shared to rescue Y chromosome bearing sperm (Y-sperm) [8,9]. It has been reported that the bridge works in spermatid at early stage of spermiogenesis, and the high levels of RNA polymerase II are detected in this stage [10,11]. However, RNA polymerase II is still detected in later stages of spermiogenesis [11], indicating that the unique features of sperm can be distinguished not only by the presence of the X or Y chromosome but also by expression of distinct genes encoded by each sex chromosome.However, mouse Y chromosome encodes fewer than 700 genes, whereas mouse X chromosome encodes over 3,000 genes [12,13]. The X chromosome contains some unique genes, such as Taz encoding tafazzin that is a t...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of Toll-like receptor 7/8 encoded by the X chromosome alters sperm motility and provides a novel simple technology for sexing sperm

2019

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Cell-Specific Expression Pattern of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Roles in Animal Reproduction

Atlı

Hitit

Özbek

et al. 2022

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

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Stage-specific expression of Toll-like receptors in the seminiferous epithelium of mouse testis

Doğan,

Sandıkçı,

Karagenç

2024

Histochem Cell Biol

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Genes encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by germ cells in the mouse testis. Nevertheless, the expression of TLRs by germ cells has only been demonstrated for TLR-3, TLR-9, and TLR-11. Furthermore, the expression of each TLR in relation to the stage of spermatogenesis remains uncertain. We aimed in the present study to examine the expression pattern of all TLRs in germ cells throughout the cycle of seminiferous epithelium in the adult mouse testis. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of TLRs. Results of the present study reveal the expression of TLRs by specific populations of germ cells. Expression of TLRs, except for TLR-7, at endosomal compartments, acrosomes, and/or residual bodies was another interesting and novel finding of the present study. We further demonstrate that the expression of TLR-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -11, -12, and -13 follows a distinct spatiotemporal pattern throughout the cycle of seminiferous epithelium. While TLR-1, -3, -5, -11, and -12 are expressed in all stages, TLR-4 is expressed only in early and middle stages of spermatogenic cycle. On the other hand, TLR-2, -7, and -13 are expressed only in early stage of spermatogenic cycle. Evidence demonstrating the expression of TLRs in a stage specific manner throughout spermatogenesis strengthen the hypothesis that the expression of various TLRs by germ cells is a developmentally regulated process. However, if TLRs play a role in the regulation of proliferation, growth, maturation, and differentiation of germ cells throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium warrants further investigations.

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Murine Sperm Expresses Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Family that Responds to the Pathogens Released from Virus, and Decreases Fertilization Ability by the Stimuli

Cited by 6 publications

References 33 publications

Activation of Toll-like receptor 7/8 encoded by the X chromosome alters sperm motility and provides a novel simple technology for sexing sperm

Activation of Toll-like receptor 7/8 encoded by the X chromosome alters sperm motility and provides a novel simple technology for sexing sperm

Cell-Specific Expression Pattern of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Roles in Animal Reproduction

Stage-specific expression of Toll-like receptors in the seminiferous epithelium of mouse testis

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