Muscle architecture of the forelimb of the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) (Aves: Phasianidae) and its implications for functional capacity in flight

Yang, Yan; Wang, Huan; Zhang, Zihui

doi:10.1186/s40657-015-0013-2

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…In various galliforms, the mass of the M. supracoracoideus varies from 22% to 34% of the M. pectoralis, and the M. deltoideus pars major varies from 0.5% to 2% of the pectoralis (Sych, ; Yang et al. ). The great relative development of the M. supracoracoideus in parrots (which in fact is more comparable to this muscle in galliforms) leads us to the conclusion that parrots also may actively use such a flight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of the forelimb musculature and ligaments ofPsittacus erithacus(Aves: Psittaciformes)

2018

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Parrots (order Psittaciformes) are a rather homogeneous group of birds that can be easily distinguished by the notably modified morphology of the skull and hindlimb. Detailed description of the forelimb morphology in these birds has never been provided, though parrots are often used as model objects in flight studies. Parrots are also considered the closest living relatives of the perching birds (Passeriformes), and thus knowledge of the wing morphology in Psittaciformes is important for understanding the evolution of the locomotor apparatus on the way to the most speciose group of birds. Here we provide a comprehensive illustrated description of the wing morphology (musculature and ligaments) of the African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) and compare it with several closely related taxa of the high clade Eufalconimorphae and more distantly related outgroups (based on personal dissections and literature data). We note a general similarity of the wing musculature between P. erithacus and Falconidae. A number of features common with the outgroup Columbidae supports a generally plesiomorphic structure of the forelimb in parrots as compared with the Passeriformes. Nevertheless, the wing of the Psittaciformes displays a series of structural (likely autapomorphic) modifications, which can be explained in terms of adaptations for flight with vertical body. An analysis of the anatomical data for parrots (ratio of wing elevators and highly unusual development of the M. supracoracoideus), which is based on the current experiment-based knowledge of the flapping flight in birds, allows us to hypothesize that parrots are able to produce useful aerodynamic force during the upstroke, which is also known for pigeons and hummingbirds. This supposed ability of vertical flight and the zygodactyl foot together link the origin of parrots with the dense (likely tropical) forests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of the forelimb musculature and ligaments ofPsittacus erithacus(Aves: Psittaciformes)

2018

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“…The wing muscles were divided by arm regions according to where the majority of its mass is located, with the exception of deltoideus minor that was grouped with deltoideus major in the brachium arm. The functional groups were defined according to observations and manipulation of muscles and tendons during dissections and from definitions described elsewhere (Raikow, ; Dial et al, , ; Meyers, , ; Dial, , ; Vazquez, ; Meyers and Mathias, ; Meyers and Stakebake, ; Corvidae et al, ; Yang et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies of avian functional morphology (Sy, ; Fisher, ; Brown, ; Vazquez, ), muscle activity (e.g.,Goldspink et al, ; Kaplan and Goslow, ; Dial et al, ; Dial, , ), fiber type composition (e.g., Meyers and Mathias, ; Kovacs and Meyers, ; Meyers and Stakebake, ; Corvidae et al, ), and muscle architecture (e.g., Corvidae et al, ; Hertel et al, ; Yang et al, ) have provided some insights into the functional role of individual muscles in the avian wing, particularly of those on the pectoral girdle and shoulder joint. The pectoral muscles, which are the largest component of the forelimb musculature, are relatively well known.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have investigated the functional capacities of wing muscles in birds (e.g.,Sy, ; Fisher, ; Brown, ; Vazquez, ) and their implications for flight ability (Dial et al, ; Dial, , ; Yang et al, ), but only a few have examined the relationship between wing muscle design and flight style at an interspecific level (Corvidae et al, ; Hertel et al, ). From these studies, only the work from Yang et al () on the golden pheasant provided numerical data of muscle architecture for the whole wing. Data of MM are available for some wing muscles in a number of species (Greenewalt, ) and for the arm and hand musculature of the sparrowhawk (Bribiesca‐Contreras and Sellers, ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of the Muscle Architecture of the Forelimb Myology of Diurnal Birds of Prey (Order Accipitriformes and Falconiformes)

Bribiesca-Contreras

Parslew

Sellers

2019

The Anatomical Record

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Flight is a key feature in the evolution of birds. Wing anatomy reflects many aspects of avian biology such as flight ability. However, our knowledge of the flight musculature has many gaps still, particularly for the distal wing. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the form–function relationship of the forelimb myology of birds to understand the role of individual muscles during flight. Dissections of six species of birds of prey were performed to collect numerical data of muscle architecture, which is the primary determinant of muscle function and force‐generation capacity. Birds of prey are a highly diverse group that presents different flight styles throughout the taxa, making them a good model for our purposes. Wing muscle mass (MM) isometrically scaled with body mass1.035, muscle length to MM0.343, and fascicle length (FL) scaled allometrically to MM0.285. The shoulder musculature scaled differently than the other regions where the FL increases more slowly than would be expected in geometrically similar animals, which affects flight mechanics. A proximal‐to‐distal reduction of MM occurs, which helps to minimize the wing moment of inertia during flight while allowing precise control of the distal wing. Interestingly, the distribution of MM appeared to be species‐specific, suggesting a functional signal. This study provides numerical information of muscle architecture of the avian wing that helps us to understand muscle function and its implication in flight, and can be used in future studies of flight mechanics. Anat Rec, 302:1808–1823, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy

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“…In Japanese quail, all measurements of the forelimb present positive growth, with relative growth of the proximal ends of the humerus and ulna more rapid than the growth of the length and width of the bones. The high allometric exponents of the Hut, Hup, Ueh, Uew and Umd may reflect the requirments for flight: a thicker ulna reflect enhancement of bone strength; scaling change of Hut and Hup is mainly due to the development of a series of superstructures, such as internal and external tuberosities, bicipital and deltoid crests, which are necessary for the attachment of muscles, especially M. pectoralis and M. supracoracoideus, the most important flight muscles (Zhang & Yang, 2013;Yang et al, 2015); rapid growth of Ueh and Uew suggest better development of some antebrachial muscles which are essential for takeoff and controlled landing (Dial, 1992). These growth patterns were consistent with the flight ability of quail chicks which acquired functional use of forelimb within the first week, began to fly at 30 days days (Ricklefs).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal Variation of Limb Bones in the Japanese Quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

2016

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SUMMARY:Changes in body size over ontogeny may influence the ontogenetic development of long bones, and thus important to our understanding of variation in morphological, physiological, and life-history traits within species. In this study, we sample the entire measurements of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of individual skeletons, to investigate the ontogenetic allometry of limb bone proportions by Reduced Major Axis (RMA) regression. The ulna and humerus were both positively allometric in relation to body mass, with their proximal ends growth more rapidly than other regions. Hindlimb bones exhibited more than one allometric pattern. The tarsometatarsus was negative; the femur presented positive allometry, with the width and depth of the proximal end scaled more strongly; measurements of the tibiotarsus were dominated by more rapid growth, especially the width of the proximal end. The growth patterns are suggested to be correlated with the ontogeny of behavior, and reflect the muscular requirements for different mode of locomotion.

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Muscle architecture of the forelimb of the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) (Aves: Phasianidae) and its implications for functional capacity in flight

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Anatomy of the forelimb musculature and ligaments ofPsittacus erithacus(Aves: Psittaciformes)

Anatomy of the forelimb musculature and ligaments ofPsittacus erithacus(Aves: Psittaciformes)

A Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of the Muscle Architecture of the Forelimb Myology of Diurnal Birds of Prey (Order Accipitriformes and Falconiformes)

Postnatal Variation of Limb Bones in the Japanese Quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

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