Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines

Kirk, Ben; Feehan, Jack; Lombardi, Giovanni; Duque, Gustavo

doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00599-y

Cited by 321 publications

(322 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Muscle-bone crosstalk, long regarded as exclusively biomechanical, has, over the last decades, been opened to the idea of an additional biochemical component. Thus, muscles and bones are considered secretory tissues capable of releasing soluble molecules to regulate each other (3,6,11,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

et al. 2021

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The masticatory system is a complex and highly organized group of structures, including craniofacial bones (maxillae and mandible), muscles, teeth, joints, and neurovascular elements. While the musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck are known to have a different embryonic origin, morphology, biomechanical demands, and biochemical characteristics than the trunk and limbs, their particular molecular basis and cell biology have been much less explored. In the last decade, the concept of muscle-bone crosstalk has emerged, comprising both the loads generated during muscle contraction and a biochemical component through soluble molecules. Bone cells embedded in the mineralized tissue respond to the biomechanical input by releasing molecular factors that impact the homeostasis of the attaching skeletal muscle. In the same way, muscle-derived factors act as soluble signals that modulate the remodeling process of the underlying bones. This concept of muscle-bone crosstalk at a molecular level is particularly interesting in the mandible, due to its tight anatomical relationship with one of the biggest and strongest masticatory muscles, the masseter. However, despite the close physical and physiological interaction of both tissues for proper functioning, this topic has been poorly addressed. Here we present one of the most detailed reviews of the literature to date regarding the biomechanical and biochemical interaction between muscles and bones of the masticatory system, both during development and in physiological or pathological remodeling processes. Evidence related to how masticatory function shapes the craniofacial bones is discussed, and a proposal presented that the masticatory muscles and craniofacial bones serve as secretory tissues. We furthermore discuss our current findings of myokines-release from masseter muscle in physiological conditions, during functional adaptation or pathology, and their putative role as bone-modulators in the craniofacial system. Finally, we address the physiological implications of the crosstalk between muscles and bones in the masticatory system, analyzing pathologies or clinical procedures in which the alteration of one of them affects the homeostasis of the other. Unveiling the mechanisms of muscle-bone crosstalk in the masticatory system opens broad possibilities for understanding and treating temporomandibular disorders, which severely impair the quality of life, with a high cost for diagnosis and management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

et al. 2021

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“…Adiponectin is an adipokine with insulin-sensitizing and anti-atherogenic properties; hypoadiponectinemia has been shown to be associated with obesity, diabetes, metabolic inflammatory syndrome and inflammation [11,12], also, low serum levels of adiponectin were reported as predictor of mortality in critically ill patients in intensive care units [13]. Leptin has pro-inflammatory properties stimulating the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 and potential atherogenic effects [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Tocilizumab, Adipokines and Severe Complications of COVID-19

et al. 2020

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“…As a result, PA reduces the inflammatory state of adipose tissue depending on the type, duration and intensity of the exercise (Golbidi and Laher 2014 ; Nigro et al 2014 ). Conversely, inactivity together with an increase in energy intake leads to adipocyte hypertrophy, recruitment of immunological cells and release of pro-inflammatory adipokines (Kirk et al 2020 ). The number of weekly bouts of exercise and their intensity are additional factors to take into account when looking at the positive effects of PA on adipose tissue health, above all if aimed at counteracting viral infection.…”

Section: Impact Of Physical Exercise On Organs’ Response To Viral Infmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Purpose Physical activity (PA) represents the first line of defence against diseases characterised by increased inflammation status, such as metabolic and infectious diseases. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle-associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders-negatively impacts on general health status, including susceptibility to infections. At a time of a pandemic SARS-CoV2 infection, and in the context of the multiorgan crosstalk (widely accepted as a mechanism participating in the pathophysiology of all organs and systems), we examine the complex interplay mediated by skeletal muscle contraction involving the immune system and how this contributes to control health status and to counteract viral infections. In so doing, we review the molecular mechanisms and expression of molecules modulated by PA, able to provide the proper molecular equipment against viral infections such as the current SARS-CoV2. Methods A critical review of the literature was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and mediators induced by PA that potentially impact on viral infections such as SARS-CoV2. Results We showed the effects mediated by regular moderate PA on viral adverse effects through the regulation of biological processes involving the crosstalk between skeletal muscle, the immune system and adipose tissue. Evidence was provided of the effects mediated by modulation of the expression of inflammation markers. Conclusion A tigth association between PA and reduction in inflammation status allows effective counteracting of SARS-CoV2 infection. It is therefore essential to persuade people to keep active.

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Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines

Cited by 321 publications

References 128 publications

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

Tocilizumab, Adipokines and Severe Complications of COVID-19

Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19

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