Muscle-derived stem cells: isolation, characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy

Abstract

Muscle tissue represents an abundant, accessible, and replenishable source of adult stem cells for cell-based tissue and genetic engineering. A population of cells isolated from muscle exhibits both multipotentiality and self-renewal capabilities. Satellite cells, referred to by many investigators as muscle stem cells, are myogenic precursors that are capable of regenerating muscle and that demonstrate self-renewal properties; however, they are considered to be committed to the myogenic lineage. Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs), which may represent a predecessor of the satellite cell, are considered to possess a higher regeneration capacity and to exhibit better cell survival and a broader range of multilineage capabilities. Remarkably, MDSCs are not only able to differentiate into mesodermal cell types including the myogenic, adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, endothelial, and hematopoietic lineages, but also possess the potential to break germ layer commitment and differentiate into ectodermal lineages including neuron-like cells under certain conditions. This article reviews the current preclinical studies and potential clinical applications of MDSC-mediated gene therapy and tissue-engineering and methods for MDSC isolation, differentiation, and molecular characterization.

The role of P63 in cancer, stem cells and cancer stem cells

“…The existence of stem cells has been demonstrated in various adult tissues including brain, bone marrow and peripheral blood, muscle, skin, breast, lung, kidney, liver, pancreas and thyroid gland [96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108]. However, genes that contribute to the stem cell phenotype and cell differentiation still need to be elucidated.…”

Adult stem cells derived from skeletal muscle — biology and potential

“…Moreover, under proper in vitro condition MDSCs undergo myogenic, cardiogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. They have also hematopoietic potential [28,41].…”

“…PAX3 and PAX7 in satellite cells), whereas other markers are shared among various cell types. There are other limitations, too, such as changes in proliferation rate and cellular multipotency [41]. Moreover, it was demonstrated that these cells display a decreased healing potential when administrated in vivo [56].…”

“…Supernatant containing the myogenic fraction is transferred to new culture vessel. This fraction contains slowly adhering cells (SACs), including myoblasts, satellite cells, and multipotent musclederived stem cells [41]. Even though this method does not favor obtaining a homogenous population of cells, many investigators believe that such a "cocktail" of various stem cells seems to have better proliferation characteristics and regenerative potential in vivo [40,56,58].…”

“…Several authors demonstrated the potential of stem cells derived from skeletal muscles to differentiate into cardiomyocytes [41,76]. Okada et al [59] injected populations of myogenic endothelial cells into immune-deficient mice with induced acute myocardial infarction.…”