Muscle dysmorphia and use of ergogenics substances. A systematic review

García-Rodríguez, Jaime; Álvarez-Rayón, Georgina; Ruiz, Esteban Jaime Camacho; Amaya-Hernández, Adriana; Díaz, Juan Manuel Mancilla

doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2017.06.003

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Individuals engaging in muscle building can have very high BMI due to high muscle density but low adiposity. They are at high-risk of a wide range of disordered eating behaviours [ 162 ], and use of anabolic steroids [ 163 , 164 ]. For the assessment of muscle dysmorphia , the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS), the Muscle Dysmorphia Questionnaire (MQDMDQ), the Muscle Dysmorphic Inventory (MDI) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) are recommended.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Management of eating disorders for people with higher weight: clinical practice guideline

Ralph¹,

Brennan

Byrne

et al. 2022

J Eat Disord

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Introduction The prevalence of eating disorders is high in people with higher weight. However, despite this, eating disorders experienced by people with higher weight have been consistently under-recognised and under-treated, and there is little to guide clinicians in the management of eating disorders in this population. Aim The aim of this guideline is to synthesise the current best practice approaches to the management of eating disorders in people with higher weight and make evidence-based clinical practice recommendations. Methods The National Eating Disorders Collaboration Steering Committee auspiced a Development Group for a Clinical Practice Guideline for the treatment of eating disorders for people with higher weight. The Development Group followed the ‘Guidelines for Guidelines’ process outlined by the National Health and Medical Research Council and aim to meet their Standards to be: 1. relevant and useful for decision making; 2. transparent; 3. overseen by a guideline development group; 4. identifying and managing conflicts of interest; 5. focused on health and related outcomes; 6. evidence informed; 7. making actionable recommendations; 8. up-to-date; and, 9. accessible. The development group included people with clinical and/or academic expertise and/or lived experience. The guideline has undergone extensive peer review and consultation over an 18-month period involving reviews by key stakeholders, including experts and organisations with clinical academic and/or lived experience. Recommendations Twenty-one clinical recommendations are made and graded according to the National Health and Medical Research Council evidence levels. Strong recommendations were supported for psychological treatment as a first-line treatment approach adults (with bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder), adolescents and children. Clinical considerations such as weight stigma, interprofessional collaborative practice and cultural considerations are also discussed. Conclusions This guideline will fill an important gap in the need to better understand and care for people experiencing eating disorders who also have higher weight. This guideline acknowledges deficits in knowledge and consequently the reliance on consensus and lower levels of evidence for many recommendations, and the need for research particularly evaluating weight-neutral and other more recent approaches in this field.

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Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Westernised society, the majority of males report desiring a lean muscular physique [ 288 , 289 ] as opposed to a ‘thinner’ physique often desired by women [ 290 ]. This pursuit of a muscularity may manifest in a wide range of eating disorders behaviours including misuse of anabolic steroids [ 163 , 164 ].…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of eating disorders for people with higher weight: clinical practice guideline

Ralph¹,

Brennan

Byrne

et al. 2022

J Eat Disord

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The drive for muscularity (DM) is the perception of being underdeveloped together with the intense pursuit of increased muscle mass [ 7 , 8 ]. Negative outcomes of DM include: (a) eating disorders [ 9 , 10 ] and more specifically muscle dysmorphia, also called "reverse anorexia" [ 11 ]; (b) the use of dietary supplements [ 12 , 13 ] and/or doping [ 14 , 15 ]; (c) exercise dependence with inadequate recovery [ 16 ]; (d) the decline in social relationships to focus exclusively on strength training [ 17 ]; and (e) the risk of depression [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation and validation of a short French version of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in male athletes (DMS-FR)

et al. 2018

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The purpose of this paper was to adapt and examine the psychometric properties of a French-language Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS). First, a preliminary version of the scale, based on both the English-language version of the DMS and the literature on the drive for muscularity, was developed following a committee validation process. Second, the factor structure of the DMS-FR was investigated with principal component analysis (PCA) in a sample of 114 male athletes (Mage = 23.35; SDage = 4.93), leading to a nine-item scale (Study 1). Third, in Study 2, the internal factor structure, temporal stability, and concurrent validity were examined through a series of structural hypothetical modelisation in a sample of 129 male athletes (Mage = 27.03; SDage = 7.81). The results indicated that the scale has good psychometric properties. Specifically, the PCA, and the series of structural hypothetical modelisation, suggested two theoretical factors (i.e., Muscularity Body Dissatisfaction and Muscularity Behaviors), and more, with a bi-factor model in a SEM. The results also indicated sufficient concurrent validity with the Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale (MBDS) and adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas were .87 for the Muscularity Body Dissatisfaction subscale, and .88 for the Muscularity Behaviors subscale). The findings overall suggest good reliability and construct validity for this French version of the DMS (DMS-FR), which will be useful for future research and clinical practice in French-speaking countries.

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“…In a sample of predominantly White undergraduate men, Tylka (2011) found that dissatisfaction with body fat predicted dieting and preoccupation with food and dieting, and muscularity dissatisfaction predicted muscle-building behaviors such as protein use, excessive weight training, and potential anabolic steroid use. Of further concern, greater engagement in muscle-building behaviors among largely college men (e.g., anabolic steroid misuse) has been associated with elevated muscle dysmorphia symptoms (García-Rodríguez, Alvarez-Rayón, Camacho-Ruíz, Amaya-Hernández, & Mancilla-Díaz, 2017)—a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by the belief that one’s body is too small or insufficiently muscular and associated with significant distress and impairment (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). For example, Kanayama and colleagues (2006) found that among a sample of predominantly White adult men identifying as weightlifters, 16.7% of anabolic steroid misusers compared with 6.7% of nonmisusers also met criteria for muscle dysmorphia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual and attitudinal body image, disordered eating, and muscle-building behavior in college men.

Wei

Klimek

Pennesi

et al. 2021

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Eating disorders and associated problems with body image are an increasing concern among men. The unique contributions of attitudinal or perceptual body image in the development of eating pathology have yet to be investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the unique associations between perceptual and attitudinal body image and disordered eating and muscle-building behavior among college men. A sample of predominantly White, heterosexual undergraduate men (N ϭ 308) completed online self-report measures assessing body image, disordered eating, and muscle-building behavior. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations between perceptual and attitudinal body image with disordered eating and muscle-building behavior, controlling for body mass index, race, and ethnicity. Perceptions of lower current body fat, higher current muscularity, and greater body mass index were uniquely associated with greater dietary restraint. Perceptions of lower current and ideal body fat and higher current and ideal muscularity were uniquely associated with greater muscle-building behavior. Increases in negative body fat and muscularity attitudes were uniquely associated with both disordered eating and muscle-building behavior. The current study highlights the importance of including both attitudinal and perceptual body image measures in the assessment of men's eating pathology. A better understanding of the unique roles that different body image dimensions have in maladaptive behaviors among men may inform body image treatment efforts. Public Significance StatementBody fat and muscularity perceptions were uniquely and independently associated with predominantly White college men's eating pathology and muscle-building behavior, over and above attitudinal body image. Researchers and clinicians may find it beneficial to consider measures of both perceptual and attitudinal body image for a better understanding of the impact of different body image dimensions on men's behavior.

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Muscle dysmorphia and use of ergogenics substances. A systematic review

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Management of eating disorders for people with higher weight: clinical practice guideline

Management of eating disorders for people with higher weight: clinical practice guideline

Adaptation and validation of a short French version of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in male athletes (DMS-FR)

Perceptual and attitudinal body image, disordered eating, and muscle-building behavior in college men.

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