Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology and Associated Psychological Features in Bodybuilders and Non-Bodybuilder Resistance Trainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mitchell, Lachlan; Murray, Stuart B.; Cobley, Stephen; Hackett, Daniel; Gifford, Janelle; Capling, Louise; O’Connor, Helen

doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3

Cited by 109 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Additionally, the logistic regression results showed that muscle dysmorphia can predict the likelihood of use of supplements and drugs by bodybuilders. These findings are in line with results of Babusa and Tury [14], Olivardia et al [24], and Cella et al [11]. Literature shows the relationship between muscle dysmorphia and high levels of anxiety [25], depression [16], and low self-esteem [14].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Michelle et al in a study, showed that bodybuilders have symptoms of muscle dysmorphia more than other resistance athletes; generally, bodybuilders are at a greater risk than non-bodybuilders and non-athletic ordinary people for the symptoms of muscle dysmorphia [11,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Piacentino et al [1] reported enhancing performance and reducing problems related to body image as the main drivers of drug abuse. Moreover, studies have shown that users of drugs are often exposed to symptoms of psychiatric disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and muscle dysmorphic disorder [3,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have also reported that psychological charac- teristics such as anxiety, depression, neurosis, and perfectionism have a positive relationship with muscle dysmorphia and that there is a negative relationship between selfesteem and muscle dysmorphia [11,14,16]. Similarly, social physique anxiety is a risk factor influential in supplement and drug abuse [3,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Muscle Dysmorphia and Social Physique Anxiety on the Use of Supplements and Drugs

Khorramabady

2017

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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Background: The use of dietary supplements and drugs to improve performance and physical appearance has recently increased among professional and recreational athletes. Literature shows that bodybuilders, more than other athletes use supplements and drugs. Objectives: This study aims to predict the use of supplements and drugs by muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety variables among Hamedan bodybuilders. Methods: This cross-sectional investigation was conducted with 438 bodybuilders in Hamedan province. For collecting data, we used a demographic questionnaire, muscle dysmorphia scale, and social physique anxiety scale. Results:The results showed that 79.2% of the subjects used supplements, and vitamins (22.1%) and protein powders (21.9%) had the highest rates of use among supplements. Moreover, 145 subjects (33.1%) used drugs, and steroid derivatives (16.2%) and peptide hormones and growth factors (12.6%) had the highest rates of use among drugs. The results of t-test showed that muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety were significantly higher in the subjects who used supplements and drugs than those who did not. Additionally, the results of logistic regression indicated that muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety can predict the likelihood of drug abuse. Conclusions:The present study provides novel findings of the effect of social physique anxiety and muscle dysmorphia on nutritional supplement and drugs use among bodybuilders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Muscle Dysmorphia and Social Physique Anxiety on the Use of Supplements and Drugs

Khorramabady

2017

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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“…This cult of the body affects many male athletes or nonathletes who choose to practice bodybuilding to achieve the thin and muscular body ideal (e.g., Mitchell et al 2017). Influenced by this male body ideal, men develop certain deviations in their behavior (e.g., Mitchell et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of eating and deviant behaviors in bodybuilders according to their competitive engagement

et al. 2018

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This study investigated eating and deviant behaviors in bodybuilders according to their competitive engagement. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 bodybuilders of different skill levels. Results revealed that dietary strategies and deviations (e.g., disordered eating, doping use, addictive training) developed with competitive commitment. Bodybuilders who intend to engage in competition are in a critical period for the development of deviant behaviors, in relation with increasing drive for muscularity and performance, and coaching pressure. These findings extend the existing literature on deviant behaviors in bodybuilding by providing better insight in the dynamics of development of disordered eating and associated behaviors. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Validation and measurement invariance of the Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test among Brazilian men and women

Carvalho

Bagolin

Junqueira

et al. 2022

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective The Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a 15‐item unidimensional scale, designed to assess eating practices that occur in the pursuit of a muscular body. The aim of the present study was to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the MOET to Brazilian Portuguese, to explore its factor structure and measurement invariance, and to evaluate its internal consistency, three‐week test–retest reliability, and convergent validity in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Method After the back‐translation procedure, the Brazilian MOET was administered online to a sample of 1246 adults (634 men and 612 women), along with measures of drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization, disordered eating behaviors, and exercise dependence. Results Findings from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one‐factor structure and adequate internal consistency for men (ω = 0.86; α = 0.86) and women (ω = .84; α = .83). Measurement invariance across gender was supported. In addition, the scale demonstrated good three week test–retest reliability for both men (ICC = .96; p < .001) and women (ICC = .92; p < .001), and the subscales revealed moderate to large associations with drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization, disordered eating, and exercise dependence. Conclusion This study supports the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women and represents an advance in measures of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults, allowing for future cross‐cultural studies in this field. Public Significance The Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET) is a measure of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating, which assess strict adherence to diet rules, including the food's macronutrient content, regulation of protein intake, and eating less or more to influence muscle gain. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the MOET in a community sample of Brazilian men and women. Our findings represent an advance in measures of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Brazilian adults.

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Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology and Associated Psychological Features in Bodybuilders and Non-Bodybuilder Resistance Trainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 109 publications

References 70 publications

The Effect of Muscle Dysmorphia and Social Physique Anxiety on the Use of Supplements and Drugs

The Effect of Muscle Dysmorphia and Social Physique Anxiety on the Use of Supplements and Drugs

Investigation of eating and deviant behaviors in bodybuilders according to their competitive engagement

Validation and measurement invariance of the Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test among Brazilian men and women

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