Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms and Their Relationships to Self-concept and Negative Affect Among College Recreational Exercisers

Ebbeck, Vicki; Watkins, Patti Lou; Concepcion, Rebecca Y.; Cardinal, Bradley J.; Hammermeister, Jon

doi:10.1080/10413200903019376

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“… The total row numbers reflect the number of unique articles that used each reporting type. Because three articles (Cafri et al, ; Cella et al, ; Ebbeck, Watkins, Concepcion, Cardinal, & Hammermeister, ) used multiple measures, the total does not reflect the sum of the measures. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reliability generalization meta‐analysis of self‐report measures of muscle dysmorphia.

Rubio‐Aparicio¹,

Badenes‐Ribera²,

Sánchez‐Meca³

et al. 2020

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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This study is a reliability generalization meta‐analysis that reviews continuous measures used to assess muscle dysmorphia (MD): The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale, Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory, four different versions of the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory, Adonis Complex Questionnaire, and the Modified Dysmorphia Symptoms Questionnaire. A total of 15,156 individuals from 61 studies provided 73 reliability estimates (alpha coefficients and/or test–retest reliability coefficients) for this meta‐analysis. Random‐ and mixed‐effects models were applied in the statistical analyses. We present the average reliability estimates for each measure, moderator analysis of reliability estimates across a wide variety of study characteristics, and the reliability induction rate. In light of this, we make specific recommendations for researchers and health practitioners seeking to measure MD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reliability generalization meta‐analysis of self‐report measures of muscle dysmorphia.

Rubio‐Aparicio¹,

Badenes‐Ribera²,

Sánchez‐Meca³

et al. 2020

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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show abstract

“…Dissatisfaction with musculature, resulting in feeling unacceptably small, is the main source of body-image disturbance in men (Pope et al, 2000). Similar to anorexia (Pope, Katz & Hudson, 1993), there is a positive predictive relationship between muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety (Ebbeck, Watkins, Concepcion, Cardinal & Hammermeister, 2009;Grieve, Jackson, Reece, Marklin & Delaney, 2008), depression (Ebbeck et al, 2009), and perfectionism (Kuennen & Waldren, 2007) and a negative predictive relationship with perceived body attractiveness (Ebbeck et al, 2009). Thus, our finding of a gender difference indicating that men who exercise to gain weight exhibit more exercise dependence symptoms than women who exercise to lose weight provides insight into relationships among gender, eating pathology, and compensatory behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moderating effect of gender on ideal-weight goals and exercise dependence symptoms

Cook¹,

Hausenblas²,

Rossi³

2013

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

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Background and aims:Exercise dependence is implicated in the development of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphic disorder. Although conceptually these disorders represent similar pathologies they largely affect different genders and result in opposite body composition, appearance, and ideal-weight goals (i.e., to gain or lose/maintain weight). Therefore, understanding individuals' ideal-weight goals related to engaging in exercise while simultaneously examining gender differences in exercise dependence symptoms may help to identify those whom may be most at-risk for eating disorders and muscle dysmorphic disorder. The purpose of our study was to examine the moderating effect of gender for exercise dependence symptoms in relation to weight gain, loss, or maintenance goals. Methods: Self-reported exercise behavior and exercise dependence symptoms (i.e., Exercise Dependence Scale) were assessed in 513 undergraduate students. Results: Our analysis revealed a moderating effect for gender on ideal-weight goals and a gender difference in exercise dependence symptoms. Specifically, men who were dissatisfied with their current weight reported more exercise dependence symptoms than women. Conclusions: These results support a growing body of research and extend our understanding of the relationships among exercise dependence and gender specific body-focused psychiatric disorders.

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“…Kanayama et al concluded that low self-esteem and MD would need to be present to motivate initiation of AAS use. Ebbeck, Watkins, Concepcion, Cardinal, and Hammermeister (2009) explains how selfesteem and MD may motivate AAS use. They maintain that men with low self-esteem often develop behaviours associated with MD (i.e., excessive weightlifting, muscle checking and body anxiety) to improve their body image, which in turn increases their self-esteem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A qualitative study of the motivations for anabolic-androgenic steroid use: The role of muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in long-term users

Greenway

Price

2018

Performance Enhancement & Health

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Background: The use of Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) among the non-competitive weightlifting community has increased considerably in the UK in recent years, presenting a public health issue. The motives behind use have received considerable attention, with motivations linked to body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and more recently, muscle dysmorphia (MD). However, the causal roles of MD and self-esteem in AAS use remain unclear. Therefore, this paper examines the origins and changes to motivations in long-term users.Methods: A qualitative study recruited eight male weightlifters from a needle exchange programme in South Wales, UK. Participants were interviewed about their initial introduction to AAS and their motivations for initial and continued use. Results: The interview data confirmed the importance of the training community in providing advice and guidance on AAS. Those interviewed cited some motivations for use which included self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, MD, social acceptance, and age-related concerns. Implicit in these motivations was a psychological addiction to the positive effects following AAS use, which for some men, had led to psychological dependency and body image pathology. Conclusions: The changes in motivations described by the AAS users provide key insights into the complex nature of AAS use. For some men, low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and MD precede AAS use, and for others, they are consequences of use. These findings have significant implications for future research and public health initiatives.

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Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms and Their Relationships to Self-concept and Negative Affect Among College Recreational Exercisers

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

A reliability generalization meta‐analysis of self‐report measures of muscle dysmorphia.

A reliability generalization meta‐analysis of self‐report measures of muscle dysmorphia.

The moderating effect of gender on ideal-weight goals and exercise dependence symptoms

A qualitative study of the motivations for anabolic-androgenic steroid use: The role of muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in long-term users

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