Muscle stem cells and reversible quiescence: The role of sprouty

Abou-Khalil, Rana; Brack, Andrew S.

doi:10.4161/cc.9.13.12149

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Essentially, that they are resident muscle stem cells, responsible for supplying myoblasts for skeletal muscle growth, homeostasis, hypertrophy and repair. Of the many known unknowns, little is established about how satellite cells are maintained in a quiescent state [145,146], while how they are then activated to enter the cell cycle is beginning to be unravelled, with signalling pathways including Notch/Delta clearly implicated [147]. However, a relatively new mode of satellite cell control is gene regulation via miRNA, and evidence is beginning to accumulate of their role [148,149].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The muscle satellite cell at 50: the formative years

2011

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In February 1961, Alexander Mauro described a cell 'wedged' between the plasma membrane of the muscle fibre and the surrounding basement membrane. He postulated that it could be a dormant myoblast, poised to repair muscle when needed. In the same month, Bernard Katz also reported a cell in a similar location on muscle spindles, suggesting that it was associated with development and growth of intrafusal muscle fibres. Both Mauro and Katz used the term 'satellite cell' in relation to their discoveries. Today, the muscle satellite cell is widely accepted as the resident stem cell of skeletal muscle, supplying myoblasts for growth, homeostasis and repair.Since 2011 marks both the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the satellite cell, and the launch of Skeletal Muscle, it seems an opportune moment to summarise the seminal events in the history of research into muscle regeneration. We start with the 19th-century pioneers who showed that muscle had a regenerative capacity, through to the descriptions from the mid-20th century of the underlying cellular mechanisms. The journey of the satellite cell from electron microscope curio, to its gradual acceptance as a bona fide myoblast precursor, is then charted: work that provided the foundations for our understanding of the role of the satellite cell. Finally, the rapid progress in the age of molecular biology is briefly discussed, and some ongoing debates on satellite cell function highlighted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The muscle satellite cell at 50: the formative years

2011

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“…Upon muscle damage and myofiber membrane disruption, satellite cells are exposed to extracellular cues that activate them for re-entry into cell cycle via induced expression of key myogenic regulatory transcription factors [2, 12, 13, 16]. Satellite cells then proliferate and divide [1, 17] to generate differentiated myoblasts that facilitate repair, as well as self-renewed satellite cells that replenish the muscle stem cell pool [8, 12, 23]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Established cell surface markers efficiently isolate highly overlapping populations of skeletal muscle satellite cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting

2016

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BackgroundFluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) has enabled the direct isolation of highly enriched skeletal muscle stem cell, or satellite cell, populations from postnatal tissue. Several distinct surface marker panels containing different positively selecting surface antigens have been used to distinguish muscle satellite cells from other non-myogenic cell types. Because functional and transcriptional heterogeneity is known to exist within the satellite cell population, a direct comparison of results obtained in different laboratories has been complicated by a lack of clarity as to whether commonly utilized surface marker combinations select for distinct or overlapping subsets of the satellite cell pool. This study therefore sought to evaluate phenotypic and functional overlap among popular satellite cell sorting paradigms.MethodsUtilizing a transgenic Pax7-zsGreen reporter mouse, we compared the overlap between the fluorescent signal of canonical paired homeobox protein 7 (Pax7) expressing satellite cells to cells identified by combinations of surface markers previously published for satellite cells isolation. We designed two panels for mouse skeletal muscle analysis, each composed of markers that exclude hematopoietic and stromal cells (CD45, CD11b, Ter119, CD31, and Sca1), combined with previously published antibody clones recognizing surface markers present on satellite cells (β1-integrin/CXCR4, α7-integrin/CD34, and Vcam1). Cell populations were comparatively analyzed by flow cytometry and FACS sorted for functional assessment of myogenic activity.ResultsConsistent with prior reports, each of the commonly used surface marker schemes evaluated here identified a highly enriched satellite cell population, with 89–90 % positivity for Pax7 expression based on zsGreen fluorescence. Distinct surface marker panels were also equivalent in their ability to identify the majority of the satellite cell pool, with 90–93 % of all Pax7-zsGreen positive cells marked by each of the surface marker schemes. The direct comparison among surface marker schemes validated their selection for highly overlapping subsets of cells. Functional analysis in vitro showed no differences in the abilities of cells sorted by these different methods to grow in culture and differentiate.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the equivalency of several previously published and widely utilized surface marker schemes for isolating a highly purified and myogenically active population of satellite cells from the mouse skeletal muscle, which should facilitate cross-comparison of data across laboratories.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-016-0106-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…This diversity presumably reflects the different regenerative requirements of individual tissues, and allows classifying stem cells into distinct categories (Figure 1): (i) continuously cycling stem cells of high-turnover tissues, such as intestinal stem cells (Li and Clevers, 2010; Simons and Clevers, 2011; van der Flier and Clevers, 2009) and short-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) (Fuchs, 2009), (ii) stem cells whose proliferative activity can be strongly induced by injury, including airway basal epithelial stem cells and muscle satellite cells (Abou-Khalil and Brack, 2010; Dhawan and Rando, 2005; Rock and Hogan, 2011), and (iii) stem cells with alternate quiescent and proliferative periods, such as hair follicle stem cells (Fuchs, 2009). While distinct, these categories may not necessarily reflect intrinsic qualitative differences in stem cell regulation, as all stem cell populations display significant proliferative plasticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintaining Tissue Homeostasis: Dynamic Control of Somatic Stem Cell Activity

2011

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Long-term maintenance of tissue homeostasis relies on the accurate regulation of somatic stem cell activity. Somatic stem cells have to respond to tissue damage and proliferate according to tissue requirements, while avoiding over-proliferation. The regulatory mechanisms involved in these responses are now being unraveled in the intestinal epithelium of Drosophila, providing new insight into strategies and mechanisms of stem cell regulation in barrier epithelia. Here, we review these studies and highlight recent findings in vertebrate epithelia that indicate significant conservation of regenerative strategies between vertebrate and fly epithelia.

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Muscle stem cells and reversible quiescence: The role of sprouty

Cited by 43 publications

References 54 publications

The muscle satellite cell at 50: the formative years

The muscle satellite cell at 50: the formative years

Established cell surface markers efficiently isolate highly overlapping populations of skeletal muscle satellite cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting

Maintaining Tissue Homeostasis: Dynamic Control of Somatic Stem Cell Activity

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