Muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular function before and during adolescence

Gillen, Zachary M.; Shoemaker, Marni E.; McKay, Brianna D.; Bohannon, Nicholas A.; Gibson, Sydney M.; Cramer, Joel T.

doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04151-4

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The quality of neuromuscular performance, especially of the upper and lower limbs, has been identified as a determinant for physical health and success in several sports skills [1,2]. However, several biological and environmental factors can interfere with the neuromuscular quality of skills that require the use of motor coordination and muscle strength [3][4][5]. At the biological level, we can highlight the puberty process, which is the triggering of improvements in neurological, muscular, skeletal, and endocrine systems [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sex hormones, such as estradiol, testosterone, and growth hormone, have extremely important functions in human biological development, which can mainly affect morphological structure, skeletal growth, and muscle strength levels [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. In this context, among neuromuscular parameters, muscle strength and body speed are two of the most essential for body functionality in relation to physical health, and for the development of specific skills related to sports performance [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can the Neuromuscular Performance of Young Athletes Be Influenced by Hormone Levels and Different Stages of Puberty?

Almeida-Neto

Matos

Pinto

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: Endocrine mechanisms can be a determining factor in the neuromuscular performance of young athletes. Objective: The objective of the present study was to relate maturational and hormonal markers to neuromuscular performance, as well as to verify whether young athletes with different testosterone levels show differences in muscle strength. Methods: The sample consisted of 37 young male Brazilian athletes (11.3 ± 0.94 years) who were members of a sports initiation project. Hormonal markers were analyzed biochemically by blood samples, and maturation markers by mathematical models based on anthropometry. Body composition was verified by tetrapolar bioimpedance. The performance of upper and lower limb strength and body speed were analyzed. Results: Hormonal and maturational markers were related to neuromuscular performance (p < 0.05). Young people with higher testosterone levels showed higher muscle strength (p < 0.05). Artificial neural networks showed that testosterone predicted the performance of upper limbs by 49%, and maturation by 60%. Maturation foreshadowed the performance of lower limbs by 30.3%. Conclusion: Biological maturation and hormonal levels can be related to neuromuscular performance, and young people with higher testosterone levels show superior muscle strength in relation to the others.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the Neuromuscular Performance of Young Athletes Be Influenced by Hormone Levels and Different Stages of Puberty?

Almeida-Neto

Matos

Pinto

et al. 2020

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some studies have reported that other factors, e.g. neuromuscular adaptations, besides the increase in muscle mass could account for part of the increase in muscle strength during adolescence [ 35 ]. Therefore, the contribution of T to the increase in muscle strength might be less closely related to muscle mass in the late-post pubertal boys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships of sex hormones with muscle mass and muscle strength in male adolescents at different stages of puberty

Wen

Deng

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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This study analysed the associations of sex steroids with fat-free mass (FFM) and handgrip strength in 641 Chinese boys. Serum total testosterone (TT) and oestradiol were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Free testosterone (FT) and oestradiol were calculated. FFM and handgrip strength were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and a hand dynamometer, respectively. Generalised additive models and multiple linear regression were used to explore the relationships. A subgroup analysis was conducted in early-mid pubertal and late-post pubertal groups. Age, height, weight, physical activity, intake of dietary protein and/or stage of puberty were adjusted. TT and FT were positively related to FFM and handgrip strength, with a curvilinear relationship being detected for handgrip strength (p<0.050). This curvilinear relationship was only observed in the late-post pubertal group, suggesting a potential threshold effect (FT>11.99ng/dL, β = 1.275, p = 0.039). In the early-mid pubertal group, TT and/or FT were linearly or near-linearly related to FFM or handgrip strength (β = 0.003–0.271, p<0.050). The association between FT and FFM was stronger than that in the late-post pubertal group. This study found that serum T had different associations with muscle parameters in Chinese early-mid pubertal and late-post pubertal boys. In the late-post pubertal boys, serum T was curvilinearly related to muscle strength with a threshold effect and its link with muscle mass was weaker.

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“…To address the overloading of tendons during running one would have to (1) decrease load through training or technique modifications, or (2) improve the tendon's resistance to load (i.e., stiffness). Compared to adults, children develop lower levels of muscle force at slower rates (Asai and Aoki, 1996;Grosset et al, 2005;Falk et al, 2009;Gillen et al, 2019). Implementing a strength training program for youth runners would address this relative muscle weakness and also improve the tendon's stiffness and, in doing so, improve the rate of force production of the muscle tendon unit (Waugh et al, 2014).…”

Section: Tendonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

McSweeney

Silbernagel

Gruber

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Global participation in running continues to increase, especially amongst adolescents. Consequently, the number of running-related injuries (RRI) in adolescents is rising. Emerging evidence now suggests that overuse type injuries involving growing bone (e.g., bone stress injuries) and soft tissues (e.g., tendinopathies) predominate in adolescents that participate in running-related sports. Associations between running biomechanics and overuse injuries have been widely studied in adults, however, relatively little research has comparatively targeted running biomechanics in adolescents. Moreover, available literature on injury prevention and rehabilitation for adolescent runners is limited, and there is a tendency to generalize adult literature to adolescent populations despite pertinent considerations regarding growth-related changes unique to these athletes. This perspective article provides commentary and expert opinion surrounding the state of knowledge and future directions for research in adolescent running biomechanics, injury prevention and supplemental training.

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Muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular function before and during adolescence

Cited by 24 publications

References 62 publications

Can the Neuromuscular Performance of Young Athletes Be Influenced by Hormone Levels and Different Stages of Puberty?

Can the Neuromuscular Performance of Young Athletes Be Influenced by Hormone Levels and Different Stages of Puberty?

Relationships of sex hormones with muscle mass and muscle strength in male adolescents at different stages of puberty

Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

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