Muscle X-inactivation patterns and dystrophin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers

Matthews, Paul M.; Benjamin, Dennis R.; Bakel, I. Van; Squier, M. V.; Nicholson, L. V. B.; Sewry, Caroline A.; Barnes, P. R. J.; Hopkin, Julian M.; Brown, Ruth; Hilton‐Jones, David; Boyd, Yvonne; Karpati, George; Brown, Garry K.; Craig, Ian

doi:10.1016/0960-8966(94)00057-g

Cited by 60 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This was supported by Yoshioka et al (1998). However, a clear relationship between XCI and clinical phenotype was not found in the study of Matthews et al (1995), where non-manifesting and some manifesting carriers had identical patterns of XCI. XCI in muscle was random in all manifesting carriers investigated.…”

Section: X-linked Disorders Usually Associated With Random XCI and Vamentioning

confidence: 47%

X chromosome inactivation in clinical practice

Ørstavik

2009

Hum Genet

113

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X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the transcriptional silencing of the majority of genes on one of the two X chromosomes in mammalian females. Females are, therefore, mosaics for two cell lines, one with the maternal X and one with the paternal X as the active chromosome. The relative proportion of the two cell lines, the X inactivation pattern, may be analyzed by simple assays in DNA from available tissues. This review focuses on medical issues related to XCI in X-linked disorders, and on the value of X inactivation analysis in clinical practice.

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Section: X-linked Disorders Usually Associated With Random XCI and Vamentioning

confidence: 47%

X chromosome inactivation in clinical practice

Ørstavik

2009

Hum Genet

113

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“…Interestingly, we found the same XCI patterns in lymphocyte and muscle DNA, but these analyses could be simultaneously performed in only three patients, which is insufficient to establish a correlation between blood and muscle XCI patterns. Azofeifa et al 27 found a significant statistical correlation between lymphocyte and muscle XCI ratios, whereas Matthews et al 14 showed differences between XCI patterns in muscle and in other tissues, even of same embryonic origin. Furthermore, XCI pattern may be modified in multinucleate muscle fibers compared with single nucleate lymphocytes.…”

Section: Muscle Study and Protein Expression In The Musclementioning

confidence: 98%

“…10 The widely proposed explanation for the occurrence of clinical manifestations in heterozygous females is preferential skewed inactivation of the X chromosome bearing the non-mutated DMD allele. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Female carriers with manifesting muscle weakness usually have a mosaic expression of dystrophin in muscle shown by immunostaining, but the question of a correlation between dystrophin expression and clinical weakness remains debatable. 9,17 In the specific situation of balanced X chromosome-autosome translocations disrupting the dystrophin gene, completely skewed inactivation of the non-translocated X chromosome leads to inactivation of the second DMD allele and therefore to a clinical phenotype as severe as in boys with DMD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and clinical specificity of 26 symptomatic carriers for dystrophinopathies at pediatric age

et al. 2013

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The molecular basis underlying the clinical variability in symptomatic Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) carriers are still to be precised. We report 26 cases of early symptomatic DMD carriers followed in the French neuromuscular network. Clinical presentation, muscular histological analysis and type of gene mutation, as well as X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) patterns using DNA extracted from peripheral blood or muscle are detailed. The initial symptoms were significant weakness (88%) or exercise intolerance (27%). Clinical severity varied from a Duchenne-like progression to a very mild Becker-like phenotype. Cardiac dysfunction was present in 19% of the cases. Cognitive impairment was worthy of notice, as 27% of the carriers are concerned. The muscular analysis was always contributive, revealing muscular dystrophy (83%), mosaic in immunostaining (81%) and dystrophin abnormalities in western blot analysis (84%). In all, 73% had exonic deletions or duplications and 27% had point mutations. XCI pattern was biased in 62% of the cases. In conclusion, we report the largest series of manifesting DMD carriers at pediatric age and show that exercise intolerance and cognitive impairment may reveal symptomatic DMD carriers. The complete histological and immunohistological study of the muscle is the key of the diagnosis leading to the dystrophin gene analysis. Our study shows also that cognitive impairment in symptomatic DMD carriers is associated with mutations in the distal part of the DMD gene. XCI study does not fully explain the mechanisms as well as the wide spectrum of clinical phenotype, though a clear correlation between the severity of the phenotype and inactivation bias was observed. European Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 21, 855-863; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.269; published online 9 January 2013 Keywords: dystrophin; female carrier; X inactivation INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has always been extensively described in its clinical presentation, evolution and severity. 1 However, recent studies pointed out that the same mutation can be responsible for DMD phenotypes of different severity suggesting involvement of modifier and/or epigenetic factors. 2,3 It has been estimated that about 8% of DMD female carriers have some manifestations including cardiomyopathy and/or some degree of weakness that could be highlighted by careful clinical examination. [4][5][6][7][8] Relationships between clinical phenotype and dystrophin abnormalities in muscle tissue among female carriers of DMD gene mutations were previously investigated. 9 However, a comprehensive view of factors underlying clinical symptoms occurrence and severity is still lacking.

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“…The low efficiency of these methods raises the question of what are therapeutic levels of dystrophin. Studies involving female carriers of mutated dystrophin alleles suggested that levels slightly greater than 50% of normal are protective against skeletal muscle disease (127,538), although other studies of X-linked DCM patients report that levels as low as 30% of normal dystrophin expression can prevent significant skeletal muscle disease (637). The therapeutic threshold in the heart is complicated by the inability to obtain cardiac biopsies to determine the level of expression and by variability in the manifestation of cardiac disease in these patients (288,370,580,649).…”

Section: Dystrophin Gene Transfermentioning

confidence: 98%

Designing Heart Performance by Gene Transfer

Davis¹,

Westfall²,

Townsend³

et al. 2008

Physiological Reviews

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The birth of molecular cardiology can be traced to the development and implementation of high-fidelity genetic approaches for manipulating the heart. Recombinant viral vector-based technology offers a highly effective approach to genetically engineer cardiac muscle in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights discoveries made in cardiac muscle physiology through the use of targeted viral-mediated genetic modification. Here the history of cardiac gene transfer technology and the strengths and limitations of viral and nonviral vectors for gene delivery are reviewed. A comprehensive account is given of the application of gene transfer technology for studying key cardiac muscle targets including Ca2+handling, the sarcomere, the cytoskeleton, and signaling molecules and their posttranslational modifications. The primary objective of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of gene transfer studies for understanding cardiac physiology in health and disease. By comparing results obtained from gene transfer with those obtained from transgenesis and biophysical and biochemical methodologies, this review provides a global view of cardiac structure-function with an eye towards future areas of research. The data presented here serve as a basis for discovery of new therapeutic targets for remediation of acquired and inherited cardiac diseases.

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Muscle X-inactivation patterns and dystrophin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers

Cited by 60 publications

References 30 publications

X chromosome inactivation in clinical practice

X chromosome inactivation in clinical practice

Genetic and clinical specificity of 26 symptomatic carriers for dystrophinopathies at pediatric age

Designing Heart Performance by Gene Transfer

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