Musculoskeletal Fitness and Health

Warburton, Darren E. R.; Gledhill, Norman; Quinney, Arthur

doi:10.1139/h01-013

Cited by 151 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Interventions that improve musculoskeletal fitness appear to be particularly important for improving the health status of frail elderly people (who have a low musculoskeletal reserve). 9,10 This research has revealed clearly the importance of engaging in activities that tax the musculoskeletal system and is supported by findings from a recent epidemiologic investigation. 104 This evidence provides direct support for the recent recommendation that resistance training and flexibility exercises be performed at least twice a week to maintain functional status, promote lifelong physical activity and enhance overall quality of life.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

“…9,10,[45][46][47][48] In a large prospective study, 46 each increase of 500 kcal (2100 kJ) in energy expenditure per week was associated with a decreased incidence of type 2 diabetes of 6% (relative risk 0.94, 95% CI -0.90 to 0.98)). This benefit was particularly evident among people at high risk of diabetes (i.e., those with a high body mass index), a finding that has been supported by several other investigators.…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitus Primary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 There is increasing evidence that enhanced musculoskeletal fitness is associated with an improvement in overall health status and a reduction in the risk of chronic disease and disability. 9,10 This research has led to a shift in focus in research related to the health benefits of activities that tax the musculoskeletal system.…”

Section: Musculoskeletal Fitness: a Paradigm Shiftmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Routine physical activity is also associated with improved psychological well-being (e.g., through reduced stress, anxiety and depression 9,10,144 ). Psychological well-being is particularly important for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, but it also has important implications for the prevention and management of other chronic diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, obesity, cancer and depression.…”

Section: How Does Physical Activity and Fitness Lead To Improved Healmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence

Warburton¹

2006

Canadian Medical Association Journal

6,144

4,137

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P hysical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a widening variety of other chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer (colon and breast), obesity, hypertension, bone and joint diseases (osteoporosis and osteoarthritis), and depression.1-14 The prevalence of physical inactivity (among 51% of adult Canadians) is higher than that of all other modifiable risk factors. 15 In this article we review the current evidence relating to physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of premature death from any cause, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some cancers and osteoporosis. We also discuss the evidence relating to physical fitness and musculoskeletal fitness and briefly describe the independent effects of frequency and intensity of physical activity. (A glossary of terms related to the topic appears in Appendix 1). In a companion paper, to be published in the Mar. 28 issue, we will review how to evaluate the healthrelated physical fitness and activity levels of patients and will provide exercise recommendations for health.Several authors have attempted to summarize the evidence in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. These evaluations are often overlapping (reviewing the same evidence). Some of the most commonly cited cohorts have been described in different studies over time as more data accumulate (see Appendix 2, available online at www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/6 /801/DC1). In this review, we searched the literature using the key words "physical activity," "health," "health status," "fitness," "exercise," "chronic disease," "mortality" and diseasespecific terms (e.g., "cardiovascular disease," "cancer," "diabetes" and "osteoporosis"). Using our best judgment, we selected individual studies that were frequently included in systematic reviews, consensus statements and meta-analyses and considered them as examples of the best evidence available. We also have included important new findings regarding the relation between physical activity and fitness and allcause and cardiovascular-related mortality. All-cause and cardiovascular-related death Primary preventionSince the seminal work of Morris and colleagues in the 1950s16,17 and the early work of Paffenbarger and colleagues in the 1970s, 18,19 there have been numerous long-term prospective follow-up studies (mainly involving men but more recently women also) that have assessed the relative risk of death from any cause and from specific diseases (e.g., carciovascular disease) associated with physical inactivity. 6,20-26Both men and women who reported increased levels of physical activity and fitness were found to have reductions in relative risk (by about 20%-35% 27,28) of death (see Appendix 2, available at www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/6/801/DC1). For example, in a study involving healthy middle-aged men and women followed up for 8 years, the lowest quintiles of physical fitness, as measured on an exercise treadmill, were associated with an increased risk of death from any cause compared with the top quin...

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supporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Diabetes Mellitus Primary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Musculoskeletal Fitness: a Paradigm Shiftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Does Physical Activity and Fitness Lead To Improved Healmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence

Warburton¹

2006

Canadian Medical Association Journal

6,144

4,137

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“…Development in strength and muscle mass volume is of clinical interest since this can reduce risks of falling accidents and increase the ability to handle daily activities [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined and Intensive Exercise Model Improves Physical Capacity in Cardiac Patients

Sveen¹,

Skaug²,

Christoffersen³

et al. 2017

J Clin Trial

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Objective: We have measured the effect of combined strength and high intensity endurance training on physical capacity and lipid profile in patients with heart and coronary diseases. We wanted to see whether cardiac patients were able to increase training intensity to improve strength without losing endurance capacity.Methods: Thirty heart-operated subjects participated in an intervention period of 10 weeks. The age of the participants was between 52-72 years. The Resistance-Interval group (RE-INT) practiced four times a week with two intensive endurance (spinning) sessions and two strength training sessions. The endurance training consisted of intervals where the heart rate reached>90% of maximum heart rate. Strength training was performed in three series with a load of 8-12 repetition maximum (RM). The subjects in the control group (CON) performed two to three sessions per week according to a national program specialized for coronary patients (called "Ullevaal model"). We had a randomized controlled trial. Results:Maximal leg strength increased in both groups during the intervention, but the increase was higher in the RE-INT group (from 107.9 ± 8.1 kg to 162.0 ± 8.4 kg) compared to the CON group (from 110.8 ± 8.9 to 125.4 ± 9.5 ) (p<0.001). Strength in chest press, the maximal oxygen uptake and the concentration of high densitylipoprotein (HDL) protein increased in both groups during the test period. However, no differences were observed between the RE-INT and CON group. Low density-lipoprotein (LDL), blood pressure and body weight did not change during the intervention period in any of the groups. Conclusion:Cardiac patients were able to increase training intensity, strength and maximal oxygen uptake during a period of 10 weeks. We found that combined training has an effective impact on the increase in leg strength. The increase in muscle strength can be vital for the everyday quality of life in cardiac patients.

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Cardiopulmonary exercise testing during pregnancy

Wowdzia

Davenport

2020

Birth Defects Research

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The goal of this review is to examine practical considerations when conducting cardiopulmonary exercise testing during pregnancy. In a clinical and research setting, cardiopulmonary exercise testing during pregnancy is valuable in identifying underlying cardiopulmonary conditions, stratifying the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as establishing exercise tolerance/limitations. This review encompasses information regarding the unique physiological adaptations that occur throughout gestation (e.g., changes in resting heart rate, blood pressure, glucose, etc.) and how these adaptations impact the interpretation of physiological measurements. There are also key concerns that are unique to pregnant populations that should be considered when participating in exercise (i.e., fetus, ventilation, thermoregulation, urinary incontinence, low back pain, and pelvic girdle pain). This step‐by‐step review of cardiopulmonary exercise testing outlines pregnancy related adjustments to standardized methods (i.e., screening/documentation, pre‐ and post‐test measurements, protocol specifics, modality selection, and fetal monitoring) which should be considered for the safety of both the participant and fetus. Currently, pregnancy specific exercise testing guidelines are lacking. Therefore, we will be discussing the limitations of current recommendations such as a safe cut off for resting heart rate and pregnancy specific test termination criteria.

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Musculoskeletal Fitness and Health

Cited by 151 publications

References 28 publications

Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence

Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence

A Combined and Intensive Exercise Model Improves Physical Capacity in Cardiac Patients

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing during pregnancy

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