Mushroom Poisoning Cases in Dogs and Cats: Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatotoxic, Neurotoxic, Gastroenterotoxic, Nephrotoxic, and Muscarinic Mushrooms

Retrospective study of cattle poisonings in California: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment

“…Amanita phalloides (death cap) and Amanita ocreata (Western North American destroying angel) are the most common amanitin-containing mushrooms associated with lethality in the United States. 105 A single mushroom can result in the death of a dog or human; while the exact toxicity to cattle is unknown, amanita intoxications may be more common than originally thought. 106 Amanitins decrease transcription and protein synthesis through inhibition of RNA polymerase II, 107 resulting in toxic effects on hepatocytes, crypt cells, and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.…”

Suspected muscarinic mushroom intoxication in a cat

“…2 These pesticides act by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase causing parasympathomimetic effects similar to muscarine intoxication; however, they also stimulate nicotinic receptors and cross the blood-brain barrier producing nicotinic signs, such as muscle tremors and seizures. 2 The recommended therapy for muscarine intoxication includes gastrointestinal decontamination, antidotal atropine administration, oxygen supplementation and supportive measures, such as fluid therapy. 2,3 Atropine competes with muscarine at the level of the receptors.…”

“…1 Similarly, the Animal Poison Control Center in the USA receives, on average, six feline reports annually. 2 The most common mushrooms involved in muscarine poisoning include the genera Inocybe and Clitocybe, although the genera Mycena, Boletus, Entoloma and Omphalotus can have significant muscarine levels. 2 Unfortunately, it was not possible to accurately identify the mushrooms ingested in this case.…”

“…2 The most common mushrooms involved in muscarine poisoning include the genera Inocybe and Clitocybe, although the genera Mycena, Boletus, Entoloma and Omphalotus can have significant muscarine levels. 2 Unfortunately, it was not possible to accurately identify the mushrooms ingested in this case. Correct morphological identification of mushrooms can be challenging and, if in doubt, it is recommended that a mycologist is consulted for complete identification using the fungal spores; samples should be stored wrapped in paper rather than plastic bags or containers, as the latter can result in sample deterioration due to high humidity.…”

“…Muscarine is a muscarinic receptor agonist that produces postganglionic parasympathomimetic effects. 2 Signs of intoxication can occur rapidly (within 5-30 mins) and mostly within 2 h of ingestion, and may include one or more components of salivation, lacrimation, urination and diarrhoea (SLUD). 3 Other common clinical signs include bradycardia, hypotension, shock, dyspnoea and wheezing due to bronchoconstriction and increased respiratory secretions, abdominal pain, miosis, visual disturbance and rhinorrhoea.…”