Mushrooms, Tumors, and Immunity

Borchers, Andrea T.; Stern, J. S.; Hackman, R. M.; Keen, Carl L.; Gershwin, M. Eric

doi:10.3181/00379727-221-44412

Cited by 287 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…These phytochemicals appear to induce enzymatic detoxification systems, including mixed function oxidase systems and glutathione-S-transferase. 25 In our study, mushroom was shown to have a protective effect on GC, although association of mushroom with GC is controversial in many animal studies [32][33][34][35] and epidemiologic studies. So further studies are needed to prove the anticarcinogenic effect of mushroom.…”

Section: Table V -Odds Ratios Of Gastric Cancer In Relation To Food Gmentioning

confidence: 60%

Dietary factors and gastric cancer in Korea: A case‐control study

Kim¹,

Chang²,

Kim³

et al. 2001

Intl Journal of Cancer

199

152

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To assess gastric cancer (GC) risk in relation to dietary intake in Korea, a case-control study was performed. Trained dietitians interviewed 136 patients diagnosed with GC, and the same number of controls were selected by matching sex, age and hospital. A significant decrease in GC risk was observed with increased intake of Baiechu kimchi (prepared with salted Chinese cabbage and red pepper, etc.), Baiechu kimchi-stew, garlic, mushroom and soybean milk. On the contrary, a significant increase in the risk of GC was observed with increased intake of cooked rice with bean, charcoal grilled beef, pollack soup, Kkakduki (a kind of kimchi prepared with salted radish and red pepper, etc.), Dongchimi (a kind of kimchi prepared with radish and a large quantity of salt water) and cooked spinach. In food groups, increased intake of soybean products was associated with decreased risk of GC. Intake of citrus fruits rather than total fruits was shown to have a protective effect on the risk of GC, but was not significant. In this study, intake of total vegetables was shown to have a protective effect, whereas high nitratecontaining vegetables increased the risk of GC. In conclusion, our study suggests that the risk of GC decreased with high consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, whereas high consumption of foods rich in nitrate and carcinogenic substances produced during the cooking process increased the risk of GC. Although gastric cancer (GC) incidence and mortality have been decreasing, it is still 1 of the common cancers around the world. 1 GC is the most common cause of cancer death in Korea. 2 The risk factors of GC are largely environmental, genetic and infection. Being infected with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, 1 of the risk factors of GC, causes inflammation of gastric mucosa. 3 Helicobacter pylori infection per se, however, may not be sufficient to cause GC because there is low GC incidence despite high infection rate of Helicobacter pylori. 4 Among environmental factors such as socioeconomic status, alcohol drinking, smoking, dietary habit and refrigerator use, the dietary factor is 1 of the most important risk factors of GC. Most studies on the relationship between diet and GC have suggested that foods rich in nitrate or nitrite, a high salt diet, smoked meat or fish and a high carbohydrate diet increase the risk of GC, whereas high consumption of fresh vegetables, fruits and dairy products decreases the risk of GC, although the findings are not always consistent. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Dietary habits of Korean people can be characterized as a high intake of salty foods and carbohydrates and a higher intake of cooked rather than fresh vegetables. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate the effect of dietary factors on GC in Korea. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study, which focused on the association of dietary factors and GC in Korea. MATERIAL AND METHODSTrained dietitians interviewed a total of 157 patients highly suspected by endoscopic examination as having GC at Han...

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Section: Table V -Odds Ratios Of Gastric Cancer In Relation To Food Gmentioning

confidence: 60%

Dietary factors and gastric cancer in Korea: A case‐control study

Kim¹,

Chang²,

Kim³

et al. 2001

Intl Journal of Cancer

199

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A major problem in characterizing many natural products is that they represent a complex mixture of ingredients, each one of which may contribute to their bioactivity. β-Glucans from fungi, yeast and seaweed are well-known biologic response modifiers that function as immunostimulants against infectious diseases and cancer (Borchers et al, 1999;Brown and Gordon, 2003). Unlike most other natural products, purified β-glucans retain their bioactivity, which permits the characterization of how β-glucans work on a cellular and molecular level.…”

Section: Glucan and Immunological Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

Novák

Větvička²

2008

Journal of Immunotoxicology

296

219

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The present paper represents a comprehensive up-to-date review of β-glucans, their chemical and biological properties, and their role in immunological reactions. β-D-Glucans belong to a group of physiologically active compounds called biological response modifiers and represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, or seaweed. Despite almost 150 years of research, the exact mechanisms of their action remain unclear. The present review starts with the history of glucans. Next, attention is focused on sources and structure, comparing the effects of physicochemical properties, and sources on biological effects. As glucans belong to natural products useful in preventing various diseases, they have been highly sought after throughout human history. Based on extensive recent research, this paper explains the various mechanisms of effects and the ways glucans mediate their effects on defense reactions against infections. Despite the fact that predominately pharmacological effects of glucans are positive, their unfavorable and potentially toxic side effects were not overlooked. In addition, attention was focused on the future research, possible alternatives such as synthetic oligosaccharides, and on clinical applications.

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“…PL, after purification, shows a relatively homogeneous molecular weight distribution on gel permeation HPLC and is estimated to be around 150 kDa from the retention time on HPLC pullulan molecular markers (Song et al, 1995). The main components of PL are polysaccharides (Song et al, 1995;Lorenzen and Anke, 1998;Borchers et al, 1999;Han et al, 1999). Many studies demonstrated that polysaccharides from various substances, including PL, are remarkably effective in inhibiting the growth of tumours without toxic side effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phellinus linteus activates different pathways to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

et al. 2007

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It is known that polysaccharides extracted from the Phellinus linteus (PL) mushroom possess antitumour activity. We previously have demonstrated that high doses of PL render murine or human lung cancer cells susceptible to apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of PL-mediated apoptosis have not been fully explored. In this study, we demonstrate that LNCaP cells expressing the androgen receptor (AR) are highly susceptible to apoptosis in response to treatment with high doses of PL. In this process, caspase 8 and its downstream effectors (such as BID), as well as ER stress-related, apoptotic signalling, are activated. In contrast, a moderate amount of apoptosis occurs in PC3 cells (that lack AR) after the same treatment, which does not activate ER-mediated apoptotic signalling. We also show that, in the process of PL-induced apoptosis, caspase 2 is induced in LNCaP cells, but not in PC3 cells. However, LNCaP cells that express a mutated AR or LNCaP cells treated with a caspase 2 inhibitor blocked ER stress-induced apoptotic signals. The magnitudes of the induction of apoptosis in these cells are comparable with what occurred in the PC3 cells. The data demonstrate that high doses of PL activate the AR-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways. Our study also suggests that caspase 2 is a key target in the determination of the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to PL-induced apoptosis. Phellinus linteus (PL) is among a number of well-known medicinal mushrooms from Asian countries, which have been taken orally since ancient times as a health-promoting dietary supplement and an adjuvant to combat viral and bacterial infections. PL, after purification, shows a relatively homogeneous molecular weight distribution on gel permeation HPLC and is estimated to be around 150 kDa from the retention time on HPLC pullulan molecular markers (Song et al, 1995). The main components of PL are polysaccharides (Song et al, 1995;Lorenzen and Anke, 1998;Borchers et al, 1999;Han et al, 1999). Many studies demonstrated that polysaccharides from various substances, including PL, are remarkably effective in inhibiting the growth of tumours without toxic side effects. Studies also showed that polysaccharides in PL are able to suppress tumours, either indirectly by enhancing the host's immune system or directly by inducing apoptosis in tumour cells (Chihara et al, 1969;Chung et al, 1982;Cun et al, 1994;Wasser, 2002;Collins et al, 2006;Guo et al, 2006). Therefore, the antitumour, antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects of PL are potential areas for developing novel pharmaceutical products. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antitumour effects of PL have not yet been fully explored.Changes in the androgen receptor (AR) have been indicated to contribute to the development of prostate cancer and are a serious challenge to effective treatment. Mutations in the AR can increase its affinity for ligand binding, permitting activation by nonandrogenic hormones or even antagonists (Nelson et al, 2003;Debes and Tindall, ...

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Mushrooms, Tumors, and Immunity

Cited by 287 publications

References 78 publications

Dietary factors and gastric cancer in Korea: A case‐control study

Dietary factors and gastric cancer in Korea: A case‐control study

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

Phellinus linteus activates different pathways to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

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