“…Music-based interventions (MBIs), such as receptive MBI (i.e., interventions that involve listening to music), have become increasingly of interest for improving well-being across the lifespan (Cheever et al, 2018; Global Council on Brain Health, 2020). Despite the growing inclusion of MBIs into healthcare protocols, meta-analyses suggest that they often produce variable and inconsistent effects on clinical and health-related outcomes (Mammarella et al, 2007; Sousa et al, 2020; van der Steen et al, 2018; Vasionytė & Madison, 2013; Vink & Hanser, 2018). Such variability in the efficacy of music-based interventions may arise, in part, from the diversity of protocols that underlie MBIs (e.g., self-selected vs. clinician-selected music), the heterogeneity of clinical populations that are targeted by MBIs, and individual differences in the sensitivity to musical features that constitute the intervention (e.g., rhythm, melody, motor-movement, and social interactions during musical experiences) (Loui, 2020; Sousa et al, 2020; Vink & Hanser, 2018).…”