“…This raises important questions regarding one of the stated goals of music education, that is, to promote positive musical identities (Elliot & Silverman, 2017;Hargreaves et al, 2018;MacDonald & Saarikallio, 2022). The ways in which these identities can be developed to encourage life-long engagement in music have been reported in the literature (e.g., Goopy, 2020Goopy, , 2022Krause et al, 2020;Lamont, 2011Lamont, , 2017Welch, 2017;Welch, Himonides, et al, 2010); recent research suggests that these identities do not always encourage beneficial engagement, however (e.g., Goopy, 2023).…”