“…Exposure to musical practices and the resulting musical enculturation leads to facilitated processing of music of one's own culture, even without explicit training (Hannon & Trainor, 2007;Virtala & Tervaniemi, 2017). The process of enculturation is modified, e.g., by motivation (Virtala & Tervaniemi, 2017), and the perception and judgment of consonance/dissonance is connected to familiarity, emotions, preferences, learning, musical expertise, and knowledge of tonal hierarchy (Arthurs et al, 2018;Johnson-Laird, Kang, & Leong, 2012;Kuusi, 2015;Lahdelma & Eerola, 2016;Omigie, Dellacherie, & Samson, 2017;Parncutt & Hair, 2011;Popescu et al, 2019;Rehding, 2019;Virtala & Tervaniemi, 2017). In particular, musicians have been shown to outperform nonmusicians in behaviorally discriminating chords and dissonance from consonance (see, e.g., Kung et al, 2014;Sares et al, 2018;Virtala et al, 2014).…”