Muslims’ tolerance towards outgroups: Longitudinal evidence for the role of respect

Simon, Bernd; Schaefer, Christoph Daniel

doi:10.1111/bjso.12213

Cited by 27 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, these processes, and politicization for that matter, need to be restrained by mutual recognition as different equals. It is encouraging that recent research on tolerance suggests that such recognition is indeed possible and able to play a pacifying role (Simon & Schaefer, , ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Politicization as an antecedent of polarization: Evidence from two different political and national contexts

Simon

Reininger

Schaefer

et al. 2018

British J Social Psychol

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Using longitudinal research designs, we examine the role of politicization in the development of polarization. We conducted research in two different political and national contexts. In Study 1, we employ a panel sample of supporters of the Tea Party movement in the United States and examine the relationship between the strength of their politicization and their subsequent feelings towards conservatives versus liberals (affective polarization) as well as their subsequent perceptions of commonalities with conservatives versus liberals (cognitive polarization). In Study 2, we employ a panel sample of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) community in Germany and examine the politicization–polarization link with regard to feelings towards, and perceived commonalities with, feminists versus supporters of a populist right‐wing political party. We obtained converging evidence suggesting that politicization promotes both affective and cognitive polarization. There was also some, but very limited evidence pointing to reverse causation. The danger of escalating polarization is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Politicization as an antecedent of polarization: Evidence from two different political and national contexts

Simon

Reininger

Schaefer

et al. 2018

British J Social Psychol

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“…The acceptance of the existence and equal rights of outgroup beliefs and practices (“respecting the right to hold particular differences”) is not necessarily the same as considering these beliefs and practices as being equally valid (“respecting the difference”): “respecting people is entirely compatible with thinking their views are wrong, confused, irrational, or wicked” (Crane, , p. 181). In research among Tea Party supporters (Simon et al., ) and among Muslims living in Germany (Simon & Schaefer, , ; Simon et al., ), it was found that respect for homosexuals and religious outgroup members (Muslims and atheists, respectively) as equal fellow citizens goes together with tolerance for those outgroups. Furthermore, respecting people as having intrinsic worth simply as a function of being persons has been found to be associated with stronger positive action tendencies and weaker negative action tendencies toward ethnic and religious (Muslim) minority outgroups (Lalljee, Tam, Hewstone, Laham, & Lee, ).…”

Section: Prejudice and Disapprovalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toleration and prejudice‐reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations

Verkuyten

Yogeeswaran

Adelman

2019

Euro J Social Psych

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While a large body of social psychological research has shed light on the nature of prejudice and how to reduce it, we argue that such work does not address situations of cultural or religious outgroup beliefs and practices that are considered incompatible with one's own. The present theoretical article contrasts a prejudice‐reduction approach with a toleration‐based approach to consider the differences each have with regard to the attitude object they focus upon, the perceived reasonableness of the attitude, and the behavioral consequences each may lead to. In doing so, we consider the psychological processes involved in whether the negative attitude leads to negative actions. We conclude by arguing that a toleration‐based approach forms an important addition to the psychological thinking about cultural diversity and intergroup relations. Collectively, the present work makes a novel contribution to the social psychological literature by stimulating theory development and raising novel questions for empirical research.

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“…Unlike approval, respect is based on the equality of all citizens and all human beings: “respecting people is entirely compatible with thinking their views are wrong, confused, irrational, or wicked” (Crane, , p. 181). For example, in cross‐sectional and longitudinal research on religious toleration among Muslims living in Germany, it was found that the disapproval of out‐group beliefs and practices goes together with tolerance based on respect for others as fellow citizens (Simon & Schaefer, , ). Furthermore, disapproval of specific beliefs and practices can exist without dislike of the group.…”

Section: Tolerance and Prejudicementioning

confidence: 99%

Intergroup Toleration and Its Implications for Culturally Diverse Societies

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Yogeeswaran

Adelman

2018

Social Issues Policy Review

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In recent decades, tolerance has been proposed as a necessary response to the global rise in cultural and religious diversity. Tolerance is widely embraced in community, national, and international policies, in relation to many types of differences between people and groups. However, in both public and academic discourse, the notion of tolerance appears to have various meanings, which limits our ability to create, evaluate, and implement effective policies. To discuss various policy implications of toleration, we first consider the concept of toleration and its difference from prejudice. We then discuss existing research on intergroup tolerance, the importance of perspective taking, the asymmetry of tolerance, and the boundaries of toleration. Subsequently, we discuss research that indicates that the discourse of tolerance can function as a dimension of intergroup comparison that leads to acceptance or rejection of cultural and religious minority groups. Furthermore, we consider the depoliticized effects that tolerance discourse might have and the possible negative psychological consequences for groups that are tolerated in society. Gaps in existing knowledge are considered and policy implications are explored throughout.

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Muslims’ tolerance towards outgroups: Longitudinal evidence for the role of respect

Cited by 27 publications

References 21 publications

Politicization as an antecedent of polarization: Evidence from two different political and national contexts

Politicization as an antecedent of polarization: Evidence from two different political and national contexts

Toleration and prejudice‐reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations

Intergroup Toleration and Its Implications for Culturally Diverse Societies

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