Mutagenic activity in the rivers Rhine and Meuse in The Netherlands

Kreijl, Coen F. van; Kool, Hanneke; Vries, Mindert de; Kranen, Henk J. van; Greef, E. De

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(80)90004-2

Cited by 57 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In the Rhine and Meuse and in drinking water prepared from these rivers, several recognized mutagenic and carcinogenic organic compounds have been identified by Leer et al (2), Morra et al (3), and Zoeteman (4 microsome assay in combination with the XAD concentration procedure for organics, mutagenic activity in 50 ml Rhine and 500 ml Meuse water was demonstrated by Van Kreijl et al (5) and Kool et al (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence, Introduction and Removal of Mutagenic Activity during the Preparation of Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Kool¹,

Kreijl²,

Greef³

et al. 1982

Environmental Health Perspectives

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A survey of the presence of mutagenic activity in drinking water of 18 cities in the Netherlands revealed that in drinking water of 13 cities mutagenic activity could be demonstrated. The activity was detected in the Ames test after concentrating the organic mutagens with a XAD4/8 procedure. Dose-related responses were observed with concentrates corresponding to 0.5 to 3.0 liters of drinking water.A study of the changes in mutagenic activity during the preparation of drinking water in a few waterworks showed that breakpoint chlorination, transport chlorination and post chlorination increased the mutagenic activity, while ozonation only reduced the activity with metabolic activation. When adsorption on activated carbon powder was used, a certain reduction of mutagenic activity was observed. The use of activated carbon filters, however, removed the activity completely. The majority of organic mutagens present in drinking water concentrates were shown to be nonvolatile and relatively stable and probably consist of compounds with a molecular weight in the order of 200. These mutagens are not identical to the organics identified up till now in drinking water by standard gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Finally, a group of organic mutagens, which adsorbs only at pH 2-3 on XAD-4/8 (acid fraction), could be demonstrated in Ames-positive drinking waters. IntroductionIn the Netherlands, groundwater, surface water, and a mixture of both are used as raw water sources for drinking water. In particular, the rivers Rhine and Meuse serve as important sources for the drinking water supply; the two rivers provide the potable water for about 5 million people in the Netherlands (1).In the Rhine and Meuse and in drinking water prepared from these rivers, several recognized mutagenic and carcinogenic organic compounds have been identified by Leer et al. (2) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)For the TLC fractionation of acetone concentrates of drinking water, preparative plates precoated with 2.0 mm of Silicagel-G (PSG Merck, Fertigplatten) were used. A volume of 2.0 ml acetone concentrate was applied to the plate with an automatic spraying device in the form of a small band (4.0 x 0.3 cm). The chromatograms were developed in one direction using ethyl acetate:isooctane (1:1) as the first solvent system. The plates were air-dried overnight and a second solvent system, benzene:methanol (4:1), was used. The plates were air-dried again prior to further investigation.The developed plates were examined under ultraviolet light (366 nm) in order to mark the separate bands. The marked fractions (six) were collected by scraping off and collecting the adsorbents with a Pasteur pipet connected to a vacuum pump. The outlet of the pipet was fitted with a plug of glass wool. The organic material was recovered by eluting the pipet with 5 ml DMSO. The eluates were stored at -20°C prior to mutagenicity testing. KOOL ET AL. Gel Filtration on Sephadex LH20The glass column (height 40 cm, 1 cm) was packed with Sephadex LH20 in dioxane-water ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence, Introduction and Removal of Mutagenic Activity during the Preparation of Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Kool¹,

Kreijl²,

Greef³

et al. 1982

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Commercial humic acid was obtained from Fluka of Switzerland. These materials were prepared by adding 4 (14). Total organic halogen (TOX) was analyzed directly in ambient water samples by using a Dohrmann Total Organic Halogen Analyzer.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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Other workers have clearly shown that most, if not all, drinking water in the U.S. contains chemicals that possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity by using bacterial and in vitro methods. In the present work, increased numbers of tumors were observed with samples of organic material isolated from 5 U.S. cities administered as tumor initiators in mouse skin initiation/promotion studies. Only in one case was the result significantly different from control. In studies designed to test whether disinfection practice contributes significantly to the tumor initiating activity found in drinking water mixed results have been obtained. In one experiment, water disinfected by chlorination, ozonation or combined chlorine resulted in a significantly greater number of papillomas when compared to nondisinfected water. In two subsequent experiments, where water was obtained from the Ohio River at different times of the year, no evidence of increased initiating activity was observed with any disinfectant. Analysis of water obtained at the comparable times of the year for total organic halogen, and trihalomethane formation revealed a substantial variation in the formation of these products. Considering the problems such variability poses for estimating risks associated with disinfection by-products, a model system which makes use of commercially obtained humic acid as a substrate for chlorination was investigated using the Ames test. Humic and fulvic acids obtained from two surface waters as well as the commercially obtained humic acid were without activity in TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 or TA 100 strains of S. typhimurium. Following treatment with a 0.8 molar ratio of chlorine (based on carbon) significant mutagenic activity was observed with all humic and fulvic acid samples. Comparisons of the specific mutagenic activity of the chlorinated products suggests that the commercial material might provide a useful model for studying health hazards associated with disinfection reactions by-products.

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“…In addition, mutagens detected in the leachate generally induced a greater response in the absence of metabolic activation. An earlier study [30] observed the weighted activity of drinking water to be 60 revertants per liter, while Van Kreijl [31] found the weighted activity of water from the Rhine River to be more than 300 revertants L-' . More than 30% of the leachate samples collected induced a doubling of revertants at the highest dose tested ( Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Bacterial Mutagenicity of Leachate Water From Municipal Sewage Sludge-Amended Soils

Donnelly¹,

Brown²,

Thomas³

1990

Environ Toxicol Chem

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The objective of this study was to monitor the mutagenic potential of leachate from soils amended with municipal sewage sludge. The Salmonella/microsome assay was employed to monitor the mutagenicity of the organic extract of leachate collected from sludge‐amended lysimeters containing undisturbed monoliths of Weswood silty clay (Fluventic Ustochrept) and Padina loamy sand (Grossarenic Paleustalf) soils. The sludge was applied to 18 barrel‐sized lysimeters, while 6 unamended lysimeters served as controls. The leachate was concentrated on a combined XAD‐2/XAD‐7 resin, and the adsorbed organics were eluted with acetone. The leachate extracts were tested in the standard plate incorporation assay using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. Nine of 26 leachate extracts induced a positive response in the bioassay. The maximum specific activity was 207 net revertants per 10 mg induced without metabolic activation in the Weswood soil at the highest application rate (150 Mg/ha). The results suggest that land application of municipal sewage should be carefully managed to prevent leaching of mutagens into ground water.

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Mutagenic activity in the rivers Rhine and Meuse in The Netherlands

Cited by 57 publications

References 10 publications

Presence, Introduction and Removal of Mutagenic Activity during the Preparation of Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Presence, Introduction and Removal of Mutagenic Activity during the Preparation of Drinking Water in the Netherlands

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bacterial Mutagenicity of Leachate Water From Municipal Sewage Sludge-Amended Soils

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