Mutagenic and lethal effects of α-benzene hexachloride, dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Shahin, Majdi M.; Borstel, R. C. von

doi:10.1016/0027-5107(77)90157-9

Cited by 59 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…There is some evidence that TCE may be a weak inducer of other types of mutational damage, including mitotic recombination and aneuploidy (13)(14)(15). Technical deficiencies in the conduct of the in vitro mammalian cell mouse lymphoma assay (no colony sizing) limit the usefulness of the in vitro mammalian data (16).…”

Section: Trichloroethylenementioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites: implications for the risk assessment of trichloroethylene.

Moore

Harrington‐Brock

2000

Environ Health Perspect

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This article addresses the evidence that trichloroethylene (TCE) or its metabolites might mediate tumor formation via a mutagenic mode of action. We review and draw conclusions from the published mutagenicity and genotoxicity information for TCE and its metabolites, chloral hydrate (CH), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trichloroethanol, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl) glutathione (DCVG). The new U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed Cancer Risk Assessment Guidelines provide for an assessment of the key events involved in the development of specific tumors. Consistent with this thinking, we provide a new and general strategy for interpreting genotoxicity data that goes beyond a simple determination that the chemical is or is not genotoxic. For TCE, we conclude that the weight of the evidence argues that chemically induced mutation is unlikely to be a key event in the induction of human tumors that might be caused by TCE itself (as the parent compound) and its metabolites, CH, DCA, and TCA. This conclusion derives primarily from the fact that these chemicals require very high doses to be genotoxic. There is not enough information to draw any conclusions for trichloroethanol and the two trichloroethylene conjugates, DCVC and DCVG. There is some evidence that DCVC is a more potent mutagen than CH, DCA, or TCA. Unfortunately, definitive conclusions as to whether TCE will induce tumors in humans via a mutagenic mode of action cannot be drawn from the available information. More research, including the development and use of new techniques, is required before it is possible to make a definitive assessment as to whether chemically induced mutation is a key event in any human tumors resulting from exposure to TCE.

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Section: Trichloroethylenementioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites: implications for the risk assessment of trichloroethylene.

Moore

Harrington‐Brock

2000

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Once a cell culture reached an optical density of 2 at 600 nm (usually overnight, ϳ12 h), a 300-l sample was diluted to a total volume of 5 ml with fresh YPD media and incubated overnight to obtain a cell culture with an optical density of approximately 0.2-0.3. For the investigation of DEHP and DBP, three separate samples were used: a control not exposed to plasticizer, a "low plasticizer" sample to which 25 l of plasticizer was added (final concentration 5 ng/ml), and a "high plasticizer" sample with 50 l of plasticizer (final concentration 10 ng/ml) (Shahin and Von Borstel, 1977). For the ESBO plasticizer, only control and low plasticizer samples were used.…”

Section: Cell Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1977, Shahin and Von Borstel tested the survival rates of exposed yeast cells to phthalates esters for different periods (Shahin and Von Borstel, 1977). Their results revealed 62-67% survival rates in 6 h of exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Cross-Disciplinary Investigative Model for the Introduction of Microarray Techniques at Non-R1 Undergraduate Institutions

Walker

Lutz²,

Alvarez

2008

LSE

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Integrating advanced biological techniques into instruction at non-R1 institutions can prove to be a challenge. Here, we report the creation of a model for the introduction of gene expression microarray technology into a research laboratory. A student assessment tool was used to evaluate 1) technical skill development, 2) cross-disciplinary issues, 3) development of trouble-shooting skills, and 4) career evaluation. The exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells to three plasticizers served as a template for the introduction of this technology. Cells were harvested at mid-log phase, and RNA was extracted. The mRNA was converted to cDNA by using reverse transcriptase primers containing a capture sequence that was later recognized by a fluorescent dendrimer by using cyanine (Cy)3 or Cy5 dyes. cDNA was hybridized onto yeast microarray chips provided by the Genome Consortium for Active Teaching. Exposure to phthalate plasticizers revealed genes with differential gene expression. Trouble-shooting approaches were used as learning opportunities for the evaluation of RNA extraction methods, and data analysis highlighted the use of mathematics in a molecular biology context. This article describes a promising model for the introduction of interdisciplinary, student-based projects involving microarray technology at non-R1 undergraduate institutions.

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“…(47) The effects of DBP on Chinese hamster cell chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) have been investigated in several studies. DBP had no mutagenic effect on the yeast whether the test was conducted with or without metabolic activation.…”

Section: Cosmetic Ingredient Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

7 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Dibutyl Phthalate, Dimethyl Phthalate, and Diethyl Phthalate

1985

Journal of the American College of Toxicology

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Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP), and Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) are dialkyl phthalates used primarily in cosmetics at concentrations of less than 10 percent as plasticizers, solvents, and perfume fixatives.These phthalates are rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and excreted. Acute animal feeding studies indicate that these ingredients are nontoxic. The results of most subchronic and chronic tests indicate that these ingredients are relatively nontoxic to rats. The oral administration of DBP produced testicular atrophy in various test rodents. The available data are not adequate to prove that these ingredients are teratogenic agents to experimental animals. This was not observed after the administration of DMP and DEP. Undiluted DBP, DMP, and DEP produced only minimal irritation t o eyes of rabbits.The mutagenic activity of DBP, DMP, and DEP toward Salmonella typhimurium mutants i s essentially negative, but some assays reported positive findings. Carcinogenesis was not observed in DBP feeding studies. limited clinical data on DBP, DMP, and DEP indicate that these ingredients are not human skin irritants, sensitizers, or phototoxic agents. On the basis of the available data, it i s concluded that these compounds are safe for topical application in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetics.ethyl Phthalate. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, a compound currently of great concern, is not used in cosmetics. 267 at UNIVERSITE DE MONTREAL on June 16, 2015 ijt.sagepub.com Downloaded from 14 30 734 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 3 6 7 1.5049 7 7 1.5002 6 ReactivityThe alkaline hydrolysis products of phthalate esters are mono-and diacids.The second-order alkaline hydrolysis rate constants in water at 30°C are 1 .O x lo-', 6.9 x lo-', and 2.5 x lo-' M-' sec' for DBP, DMP, and DEP, respectively.Acid hydrolysis is generally slower than alkaline hydrolysis, and neutral hydrolysis is generally too slow to be d e t e~t e d . '~) DBP is stable in solutions with a near neutral pH.") The products of the thermal decomposition at 250 to 5OOOC of DBP are 1-butene, butanol, phthalic anhydride, and small amounts of benzoic acid, butyl at UNIVERSITE DE MONTREAL on June 16, 2015 ijt.sagepub.com Downloaded from 270 COSMETIC INGREDIENT REVIEW benzoate, phthalic acid, and monobutyl phthalate. ( l o ) The major products in the pyrolysis at 730°C of DBP are isobutene, butene, and propylene.'") DBP can be degraded by radiolysis. The major product of a 1 ppm aqueous DBP solution at pH 7 after a dose of 3 x lo4 rad of gamma radiation is monobutyl p hthalate. ( I 2 ) Methods of Manufacture and ImpuritiesPhthalate esters can be prepared by the reaction of phthalic acid with alcohol. DBP, DMP, and DEP are produced industrially by the reaction of phthalic anhydride with butyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol, respecti~ely.(~,~.'~) DBP is manufactured by the esterification of phthalic anhydride with an excess of n-butyl alcohol. Vacuum stripping removes the unreacted n-butyl alcohol. Steam sparging ensures low odor. The phthala...

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Mutagenic and lethal effects of α-benzene hexachloride, dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cited by 59 publications

References 5 publications

Mutagenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites: implications for the risk assessment of trichloroethylene.

Mutagenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites: implications for the risk assessment of trichloroethylene.

Development of a Cross-Disciplinary Investigative Model for the Introduction of Microarray Techniques at Non-R1 Undergraduate Institutions

7 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Dibutyl Phthalate, Dimethyl Phthalate, and Diethyl Phthalate

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