Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of emissions from the open burning of scrap rubber tires

DeMarini, David M.; Lemieux, Paul; Ryan, Jeffrey V.; Brooks, Lance R.; Williams, Ron

doi:10.1021/es00050a018

Cited by 61 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This is primarily due to its high dissolving power for a wide range of compounds. The predominant techniques are ultrasonic extraction [32,33,34,35,36] and Soxhlet extraction [31,37,38,39,40]. In order to extend the extracted range to more polar compounds, Soxhlet [41,42,43,44,45,46] and ultrasonic extraction [47,48] were applied sequentially with DCM followed by a more polar solvent such as methanol and acetone.…”

Section: Solid Samples Including Air Particulate Matter Sediments Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was done in most cases by aqueous-phase acid/base/neutral liquid/liquid partitioning [3,33,43,76,78,81]. High efficiency, high recovery and low solvent consumption suggest nonaqueous ion-exchange separation techniques as an alternative [39,82,83]. Further fractionation can be achieved by size-exclusion chromatography for example for removal of aliphatic compounds and elemental sulfur [34,40,41,42,47,48,80,84,85].…”

Section: Solid Samples Including Air Particulate Matter Sediments Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most mutagen identification studies were based on the Salmonella/microsome assay [3,33,34,37,39,41,42,43,44,47,48,73,76,83,87] as developed by Ames et al [109] for the detection of chemically induced mutagenesis using histidine-dependent Salmonella strains and observing the reverting to histidine independence after exposure to mutagens [110]. Most studies apply the basic strains TA100 indicating base pair substitution as reversion event and TA98 indicating frameshift mutations.…”

Section: Genotoxicity and Mutagenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of the microsome fraction of rat liver homogenate S9 as an exogenous activation system allows the detection and discrimination of direct and indirect mutagens. The selectivity of mutagen identification has been significantly enhanced by applying additional strains deficient in nitroreductase (TA98NR) and transacetylase (TA98/1,8-DNP 6 ) [34,39,83] for the discrimination of nitroarene mutagenicity.…”

Section: Genotoxicity and Mutagenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The significance of nitroarenes for direct-acting mutagenic activity (e.g. in emissions from open burning of scrap rubber tires [39] and municipal waste incinerators [83]) could be confirmed by using new Salmonella strains deficient in nitroreductase (TA98NR) and transacetylase (TA98/1,8-DNP 6 ).…”

Section: Mutagens In Air Particulate Matter Sediments and Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

Brack

2003

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

399

238

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Wastewater effluents, groundwater, surface water, sediments, soils and air particulate matter are often contaminated by a multitude of chemicals. Since often no a priori knowledge of relevant toxicants exists, chemical analysis alone is not an appropriate tool for hazard assessment. Instead, a linkage of effect data and hazardous compounds is required. For that purpose, effect-directed analysis (EDA) was developed, which is based on a combination of biotesting, fractionation procedures and chemical analytical methods. Since a controversial discussion about the prospects of success in relation to the expense exists, the current methodological state of EDA for organic toxicants in complex mixtures and important results are reviewed in this paper with the aim of establishing criteria for the successful use of this promising tool. While EDA is a powerful tool to identify specifically acting individual toxicants close to the source of emission, it is inappropriate for screening purposes and often may fail in remote areas where the concentrations of specific toxicants are too low relative to the nonspecific toxicity of the whole mixture of natural and anthropogenic compounds. The biological tools have to be carefully selected with respect to their ability to detect specific effects and their significance in hazard assessment. Sophisticated chemical tools are required to identify individual toxicants in mixtures of thousands of compounds, which are typical for contaminated environments.

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Section: Solid Samples Including Air Particulate Matter Sediments Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solid Samples Including Air Particulate Matter Sediments Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Genotoxicity and Mutagenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Genotoxicity and Mutagenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mutagens In Air Particulate Matter Sediments and Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

Brack

2003

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

399

238

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Mutagenicity and oxidative damage induced by an organic extract of the particulate emissions from a simulation of the deepwater horizon surface oil burns

DeMarini

Warren

Lavrich

et al. 2017

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Emissions from oil fires associated with the "Deepwater Horizon" explosion and oil discharge that began on April 20, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed chemically to only a limited extent at the time but were shown to induce oxidative damage in vitro and in mice. To extend this work, we burned oil floating on sea water and performed extensive chemical analyses of the emissions (Gullett et al., Marine Pollut Bull, in press, ). Here, we examine the ability of a dichloromethane extract of the particulate material with an aerodynamic size ≤ 2.5 µm (PM ) from those emissions to induce oxidative damage in human lung cells in vitro and mutagenicity in 6 strains of Salmonella. The extract had a percentage of extractable organic material (EOM) of 7.0% and increased expression of the heme oxygenase (HMOX1) gene in BEAS-2B cells after exposure for 4 hr at 20 µg of EOM/ml. However, the extract did not alter mitochondrial respiration rate as measured by extracellular flux analysis. The extract was most mutagenic in TA100 +S9, indicative of a role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), reflective of the high concentrations of PAHs in the emissions (1 g/kg of oil consumed). The extract had a mutagenicity emission factor of 1.8 ± 0.1 × 10 revertants/megajoule in TA98 +S9, which was greater than that of diesel exhaust and within an order of magnitude of open burning of wood and plastic. Thus, organics from PM of burning oil can induce oxidative responses in human airway epithelial cells and are highly mutagenic. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:162-171, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of combustion emissions are impacted more by combustor technology than by fuel composition: A brief review

DeMarini

Linak

2022

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Studies during the past 50 years have characterized the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of extractable organic material (EOM) of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air and from combustion emissions. We have summarized conclusions from these studies and present data supporting those conclusions for 50 combustion emissions, including carcinogenic potencies on mouse skin (papillomas/mouse/mg EOM), mutagenic potencies (revertants/μg EOM) in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay, and mutagenicity emission factors (revertants/kg fuel or revertants/MJthermal) in Salmonella. Mutagenic potencies of EOM from PM in ambient air and combustion emissions span 1–2 orders of magnitude, respectively. In contrast, the revertants/m3 span >5 orders of magnitude due to variable PM concentrations in ambient air. Carcinogenic potencies of EOM from combustion emissions on mouse skin and EOM‐associated human lung cancer risk from those emissions both span ~3 orders of magnitude and are highly associated. The ubiquitous presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitroarenes, and aromatic amines results in mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies of PM that span only 1–3 orders of magnitude; most PM induces primarily G to T mutations. Mutagenicity emission factors of combustion emissions span 3–5 orders of magnitude and correlate with PAH emission factors (r > 0.9). Mutagenicity emission factors were largely a function of how material was burned (highly efficient modern combustors versus open burning) rather than what materials were burned. Combustion systems that minimize kinetic and mass‐transfer limitations and promote complete oxidation also minimize the mutagenicity of their emissions. This fundamental engineering principle can inform environmental and public health assessments of combustion emissions.

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Mutagenicity and chemical analysis of emissions from the open burning of scrap rubber tires

Cited by 61 publications

References 13 publications

Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

Mutagenicity and oxidative damage induced by an organic extract of the particulate emissions from a simulation of the deepwater horizon surface oil burns

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of combustion emissions are impacted more by combustor technology than by fuel composition: A brief review

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