Mutagenicity in vitro and potential carcinogenicity of chlorinated ethylenes as a function of metabolic oxirane formation

Anesthetic gases as an occupational hazard--a review.

“…Halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, trichloroethylene, and isoflurane have been tested, but no evidence of mutagenicity was found (3,4,67). On the other hand, fluroxene was mutagenic in the same test system (4), and another study has reported trichloroethylene as a mutagen (34). The urine of anesthesiologists exposed to halothane induced mutations in the conventional Ames assay (48), and halothane has been described as an "insufficiently positive mutagen" (36).…”

Mutagenicity of the halogenated olefin, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene, a presumed metabolite of the inhalation anesthetic halothane.

“…Thus BCD differs from most of the other mutagenic olefins studied which require metabolism, presumably to their respective oxiranes for activity (6,21). Vinyl chloride also has been shown to be directly mutagenic for Salmonella (22)(23)(24), but this compound has not been tested for direct mutagenesis on isolated DNA.…”

“…As a result of these studies two additional halogenated olefins, vinylidene chloride, which like vinyl chloride is used in large volumes in the synthesis of plastics, and trichloroethylene, used primarily as an industrial degreasing agent, have recently been identified as carcinogens and mutagens (4)(5)(6)(7).…”

Trichlorethen [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1996]

“…Im Nachfolgenden werden Untersuchungen mit technischem TRI oder mit TRI ohne Spezifizierung der Reinheit nicht weiter berücksichtigt. In den bakteriellen Testsystemen S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 (Baden et al 1979;NTP 1988;Waskell 1978) und E. coli K12 (Greim et al 1975) war gereinigtes TRI ohne metabolische Aktivierung nicht mutagen. In Anwesenheit von Leberhomogenaten aus mit Aroclor oder Phenobarbital vorbehandelten Ratten bzw.…”