Mutagenicity of benzyl chloride in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay depends on exposure conditions

Fall, Mamadou; Haddouk, Hasnaà; Morin, Jean–Paul; Forster, Roy

doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.04.017

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Toxic inorganic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and a complex mixture of organic compounds account for the rest. The organic fraction consists of small molecules such as methanol, ethylene or formaldehyde but mainly of larger aliphatic compounds and more complex molecules such as benzene, naphthalene, pyrene, anthracene and their various functionalized derivatives, collectively referred to as PAHs, nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (HACs) (Heeb et al 2010 ; Westerholm and Egeback 1994 ; Vieira de Souza and Corrêa 2015 ; Heeb et al 2008 ; Zielinska et al 2004 ). Sources of the organic exhaust components are traces of fuel and lubrication oil that survived combustion, but also compounds that cannot be found in the fuel or oil and are newly formed from partially combusted precursors (Rhead and Hardy 2003 ).…”

Section: Diesel Exhaust Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diesel exhaust: current knowledge of adverse effects and underlying cellular mechanisms

et al. 2016

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Diesel engine emissions are among the most prevalent anthropogenic pollutants worldwide, and with the growing popularity of diesel-fueled engines in the private transportation sector, they are becoming increasingly widespread in densely populated urban regions. However, a large number of toxicological studies clearly show that diesel engine emissions profoundly affect human health. Thus the interest in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these effects is large, especially concerning the nature of the components of diesel exhaust responsible for the effects and how they could be eliminated from the exhaust. This review describes the fundamental properties of diesel exhaust as well as the human respiratory tract and concludes that adverse health effects of diesel exhaust not only emerge from its chemical composition, but also from the interplay between its physical properties, the physiological and cellular properties, and function of the human respiratory tract. Furthermore, the primary molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by diesel exhaust exposure, as well as the fundamentals of the methods for toxicological testing of diesel exhaust toxicity, are described. The key aspects of adverse effects induced by diesel exhaust exposure described herein will be important for regulators to support or ban certain technologies or to legitimate incentives for the development of promising new technologies such as catalytic diesel particle filters.

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Section: Diesel Exhaust Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diesel exhaust: current knowledge of adverse effects and underlying cellular mechanisms

et al. 2016

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“…There was no increase in mutations in bacterial strains after incubation with 100 to 5000 µg benzyl alcohol/plate, either with or without metabolic activation (Fall et al 2007). In a comet assay under alkaline conditions, human lymphocytes were incubated with benzyl alcohol in concentrations of 1 to 50 nM both with and without metabolic activation.…”

Section: In Vitromentioning

confidence: 95%

Benzyl alcohol [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]

Hartwig

Arand²

2018

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated benzyl alcohol [ 100‐51‐6 ] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and study reports are described in detail. Benzyl alcohol is irritating to the eyes and the airways. In a 4‐week inhalation study in rats, microscopic lesions in the airways, especially in the lung, occurred at 1072 mg/m 3 . The NAEC is estimated to be 300 mg/m 3 , a concentration at which benzyl alcohol can occur as vapour, corresponding to 67 ml/m 3 . A MAK value of 5 ml/m 3 has been derived. As local effects are critical, benzyl alcohol is classified in Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 2. In developmental toxicity studies with benzyl alcohol in mice, foetotoxic effects occurred at 750 mg/kg body weight and day in the presence of marked maternal toxicity. The NOAEL was 550 mg/kg body weight and day; however, teratogenicity was not examined. Benzoic acid is the main metabolite of benzyl alcohol. Considering the developmental toxicity studies with sodium benzoate, the differences between the NOAEL for rats, mice, rabbits and hamsters scaled to an inhalation concentration at the workplace and the MAK value are considered so large that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed. Therefore, benzyl alcohol is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Benzyl alcohol is not regarded to be genotoxic or carcinogenic. Sensitization is not expected as benzyl alcohol was not a contact sensitizer in a local lymph node assay and there were no conclusive positive clinical findings of sensitizing effects on the skin. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity. Therefore, benzyl alcohol is designated with an “H”. Completed: October 08, 2015

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“…There is only limited evidence in animals and this prevents benzyl chloride from being classified for its carcinogenicity to humans (Yasuko et al, 1975;Hemminki et al, 1983;Lijinsky, 1986). Findings of Fall et al (2007) suggest that benzyl chloride may show greater mutagenic activity in the gaseous phase. Acrolein vapor may cause eye, nasal and respiratory tract irritations in low level exposure.…”

Section: Benzyl Chloridementioning

confidence: 99%

Irritant Compounds: Military Respiratory Irritants. Part I. Lacrimators

Patočka¹,

Kuča²

2015

MMSL

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World War I was a conflict where chemical warfare was first used on a massive scale. The earliest chemical attack occurred on the Western Front in October 1914 in Neuve Chapelle, but its effects were so minimal that the Allies learned about it only after the war from German documents. The attack in the Bolimow area, carried out by the Germans against the Russian army with artillery shells containing gas T (xylyl and benzyl bromides), was therefore the first attack on a massive scale recorded on the victim side. The attack, which occurred after it, made it possible to obtain some tactical success, but without a strategic breakthrough. Some of the later German attacks on the Eastern Front where chlorine was used proved to be more effective, but despite many victims there was not any major strategic success achieved. The Russians did not take attempts to use chemical weapons in the World War I.

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Mutagenicity of benzyl chloride in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenesis assay depends on exposure conditions

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Diesel exhaust: current knowledge of adverse effects and underlying cellular mechanisms

Diesel exhaust: current knowledge of adverse effects and underlying cellular mechanisms

Benzyl alcohol [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]

Irritant Compounds: Military Respiratory Irritants. Part I. Lacrimators

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