“…Several rare variants and candidate genes have been identified among familial and sporadic cases of PD (Blauwendraat et al, 2019b;Deng et al, 2016;Farlow et al, 2016;Funayama et al, 2015;Guo et al, 2018;Kalia and Lang, 2015;Lesage et al, 2016;Mok et al, 2016;Quadri et al, 2018). Previously, we have replicated PRKN (Guo et al, 2008), PINK1 (Guo et al, 2008;Tang et al, 2006), PARK7 (Guo et al, 2008;Tang et al, 2006), ATP13A2 (Guo et al, 2008), PLA2G6 (Shi et al, 2011), CHCHD2 (Liu et al, 2015), RAB39B (Kang et al, 2016), TMEM230 (Yan et al, 2017), GCH1 (Xu et al, 2017), and other genes (Tian et al, 2012;Yang et al, 2019) in patients with PD in China. Copy number variations (CNVs), particularly in PRKN and SNCA, have also been highlighted to play a vital role in the development of heritable or sporadic PD (Konno et al, 2016;Mok et al, 2016;Taghavi et al, 2018) and several genes, such as ATP13A2 (Ramirez et al, 2006), PLA2G6 (Paisan-Ruiz et al, 2009, FBXO7 (Di Fonzo et al, 2009), PRKN (Djarmati et al, 2004;Lucking et al, 2000), PINK1 (Bonifati et al, 2005;Kumazawa et al, 2008), and PARK7 (Djarmati et al, 2004) were reported to be strongly associated with an early-onset age of PD (Searles Nielsen et al, 2013).…”