Mutational antigenic landscape of prevailing H9N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin spectrum

Zhang, Jiahao; Wang, Xiaomin; Chen, Yiqun; Ye, Hejia; Ding, Shiping; Zhang, Tao; Liu, Yi; Li, Huanan; Huang, Lihong; Qi, Wenbao; Liao, Ming

doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113409

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In addition, there was a valine (V) at position 220 which is different from wild type but of unknown phenotype. A recent paper for H9N2 (Zhang et al, 2023) revealed that various combinations of the HA amino acid substitutions T150A, R164Q, N166D, and I220T (H9 numbering) are involved in antibody escape, increased viral replication in avian and mammalian cells and enhanced viral replication in mice.…”

Section: A(h9n2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Fusaro,

Gonzales,

Kuiken

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Between 2 December 2023 and 15 March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (227) and wild (414) birds across 26 countries in Europe. Compared to previous years, although still widespread, the overall number of HPAI virus detections in birds was significantly lower, among other reasons, possibly due to some level of flock immunity in previously affected wild bird species, resulting in reduced contamination of the environment, and a different composition of circulating A(H5N1) genotypes. Most HPAI outbreaks reported in poultry were primary outbreaks following the introduction of the virus by wild birds. Outside Europe, the majority of outbreaks in poultry were still clustered in North America, while the spread of A(H5) to more naïve wild bird populations on mainland Antarctica is of particular concern. For mammals, A(H5N5) was reported for the first time in Europe, while goat kids in the United States of America represented the first natural A(H5N1) infection in ruminants. Since the last report and as of 12 March 2024, five human avian influenza A(H5N1) infections, including one death, three of which were clade 2.3.2.1c viruses, have been reported by Cambodia. China has reported two human infections, including one fatal case, with avian influenza A(H5N6), four human infections with avian influenza A(H9N2) and one fatal case with co-infection of seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and avian influenza A(H10N5). The latter case was the first documented human infection with avian influenza A(H10N5). Human infections with avian influenza remain rare and no sustained human-to-human infection has been observed. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general population in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low to moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals.

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Section: A(h9n2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Fusaro,

Gonzales,

Kuiken

et al. 2024

EFS2

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“…Recent findings from this study have identified a genotype S strain, predominantly found in domestic poultry, within wild bar-headed geese, thereby confirming inter-species transmission of AIV between domestic and wild avian populations. Remarkably, all isolates derived from wild birds exhibited some characteristics typical of strains found in domestic birds, including a deletion of amino acids 63-65 in the stalk domain of the NA protein and the N 166 D mutation in the HA protein (Lv et al, 2015;Jin et al, 2019;Peacock et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2023). These observations suggest a potential transmission route from domestic to wild birds within Yunnan Province.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Mutations of Q 226 L and Q 227 M (H3 numbering) were associated with altering the binding preference of HA protein to the receptors from different host species, thus facilitating interspecies transmission (Sun et al, 2021). Mutations D 153 N and N 166 D were found to enhance viral immune evasion capabilities, with the N 166 D mutation, commonly found in vaccinated domestic poultry, weakening the antibody response in avian species (Kandeil et al, 2017;Jin et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2023). Wild bird-derived isolates belonging to genotype A typically exhibited one or two of these mutations, whereas poultry-derived isolates belonging to genotype S contained three or four mutations (Table 2).…”

Section: Key Amino Acid Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of genotypes and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus derived from wild bird and domestic poultry

Yang,

Ji,

Yang

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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IntroductionThe H9N2 subtype is a predominant avian influenza virus (AIV) circulating in Chinese poultry, forming various genotypes (A-W) based on gene segment origins. This study aims to investigate the genotypic distribution and pathogenic characteristics of H9N2 isolates from wild birds and domestic poultry in Yunnan Province, China.MethodsEleven H9N2 strains were isolated from fecal samples of overwintering wild birds and proximate domestic poultry in Yunnan, including four from common cranes (Grus grus), two from bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), and five from domestic poultry (Gallus gallus). Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the genotypes, and representative strains were inoculated into Yunnan mallard ducks to assess pathogenicity.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis revealed that five isolates from domestic birds and one from a bar-headed goose belong to genotype S, while the remaining five isolates from wild birds belong to genotype A. These bird-derived strains possess deletions in the stalk domain of NA protein and the N166D mutation of HA protein, typical of poultry strains. Genotype S H9N2 demonstrated oropharyngeal shedding, while genotype A H9N2 exhibited cloacal shedding and high viral loads in the duodenum. Both strains caused significant pathological injuries, with genotype S inducing more severe damage to the thymus and spleen, while genotype A caused duodenal muscle layer rupture.DiscussionThese findings suggest that at least two genotypes of H9N2 are currently circulating in Yunnan, and Yunnan mallard ducks potentially act as intermediaries in interspecies transmission. These insights highlight the importance of analyzing the current epidemiological transmission characteristics of H9N2 among wild and domestic birds in China.

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“…The HA segment had leucine at position 226 (H3 numbering), which is associated with increased virus binding to α2-6, enhanced replication in mammalian cells and ferrets, and enhanced contact transmission in ferrets (Wan and Perez, 2007;Wan et al, 2008). Further screening was also made for the HA amino acid substitutions T150A, R164Q, N166D and I220T (H9 numbering), which in various combinations are involved in antibody escape, increased viral replication in avian and mammalian cells, and enhanced viral replication in mice (Zhang et al, 2023b). The HA segment had only N166D where the other positions were wild type.…”

Section: A(h9n2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview March–June 2024

Alexakis,

Fusaro,

Kuiken

et al. 2024

EFS2

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Between 16 March and 14 June 2024, 42 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in domestic (15) and wild (27) birds across 13 countries in Europe. Although the overall number of detections in Europe has not been this low since the 2019–2020 epidemiological year, HPAI viruses continue to circulate at a very low level. Most detections in poultry were due to indirect contact with wild birds, but there was also secondary spread. Outside Europe, the HPAI situation intensified particularly in the USA, where a new A(H5N1) virus genotype (B3.13) has been identified in >130 dairy herds in 12 states. Infection in cattle appears to be centred on the udder, with milk from infected animals showing high viral loads and representing a new vehicle of transmission. Apart from cattle, HPAI viruses were identified in two other mammal species (alpaca and walrus) for the first time. Between 13 March and 20 June 2024, 14 new human cases with avian influenza virus infection were reported from Vietnam (one A(H5N1), one A(H9N2)), Australia (with travel history to India, one A(H5N1)), USA (three A(H5N1)), China (two A(H5N6), three A(H9N2), one A(H10N3)), India (one A(H9N2)), and Mexico (one fatal A(H5N2) case). The latter case was the first laboratory‐confirmed human infection with avian influenza virus subtype A(H5N2). Most of the human cases had reported exposure to poultry, live poultry markets, or dairy cattle prior to avian influenza virus detection or onset of illness. Human infections with avian influenza viruses remain rare and no human‐to‐human transmission has been observed. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian A(H5) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general public in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low‐to‐moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.

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Mutational antigenic landscape of prevailing H9N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin spectrum

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

Diversity of genotypes and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus derived from wild bird and domestic poultry

Avian influenza overview March–June 2024

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