Mutual Orbital Inclinations between Cold Jupiters and Inner Super-Earths

Masuda, Kento; Winn, Joshua N.; Kawahara, Hajime

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5c1d

Cited by 52 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Overall, the anti-correlation in the synthetic planet population shows that giant planets on intermediate orbits can dynamically excite and ultimately destroy inner super-Earth systems (also see a discussion of this scenario in Masuda et al 2020). We explore this mechanism in Sect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS)

Schlecker

Mordasini

Emsenhuber

et al. 2021

A&A

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Context. Recent observational findings have suggested a positive correlation between the occurrence rates of inner super-Earths and outer giant planets. These results raise the question of whether this trend can be reproduced and explained by planet formation theory. Aims. Here, we investigate the properties of inner super-Earths and outer giant planets that form according to a core accretion scenario. We study the mutual relations between these planet species in synthetic planetary systems and compare them to the observed exoplanet population. Methods. We invoked the Generation 3 Bern model of planet formation and evolution to simulate 1000 multi-planet systems. We then confronted these synthetic systems with the observed sample, taking into account the detection bias that distorts the observed demographics. Results. The formation of warm super-Earths and cold Jupiters in the same system is enhanced compared to the individual appearances, although it is weaker than what has been proposed through observations. We attribute the discrepancy to warm and dynamically active giant planets that frequently disrupt the inner systems, particularly in high-metallicity environments. In general, a joint occurrence of the two planet types requires intermediate solid reservoirs in the originating protoplanetary disk. Furthermore, we find differences in the volatile content of planets in different system architectures and predict that high-density super-Earths are more likely to host an outer giant. This correlation can be tested observationally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS)

Schlecker

Mordasini

Emsenhuber

et al. 2021

A&A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Simultaneously, the existence of systems like Kepler-56 (Huber et al 2013) with high stellar obliquity, multiple well-aligned (defined as low inclination dispersion) transiting planets, and a long-period massive planet suggests that the secular dynamics of an exterior companion could cause the observed misalignment between the inner planets and the stellar spin axis in this particular system (Boué & Fabrycky 2014a,b;Gratia & Fabrycky 2017). Similar dynamics would be at play in any system with a STIP and an exterior, inclined companion (Van Laerhoven & Greenberg 2012;Hansen 2017;Mustill et al 2017;Becker & Adams 2017;Jontof-Hutter et al 2017;Denham et al 2019;Masuda et al 2020). It is worth noting, however, that giant planets are likely less common than STIPS, implying that such a process is probably effective in a minority of systems at a population level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Origin of Systems of Tightly Packed Inner Planets with Misaligned, Ultra-short-period Companions

Becker

Batygin

Fabrycky

et al. 2020

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Ultra-short period planets provide a window into the inner edge of the parameter space occupied by planetary orbits. In one particularly intriguing class of multi-planet systems, the ultra-short period planet is flanked by short-period companions, and the outer planets occupy a discernibly distinct dynamical state. In the observational database, this phenomenon is represented by a small number of stars hosting systems of tightly packed co-planar planets as well as an ultra-short period planet, whose orbit of is misaligned relative to the mutual plane of the former. In this work, we explore two different mechanisms that can produce an ultra-short period planet that is misaligned with the rest of its compact planetary system: natural decoupling between the inner and outer system via the stellar quadrupole moment, and decoupling forced by an external companion with finelytuned orbital parameters. These two processes operate with different timescales, and can thus occur simultaneously. In this work, we use the K2-266 system as an illustrative example to elucidate the dynamics of these two processes, and highlight the types of constraints that may arise regarding the dynamical histories of systems hosting ultra-short period planets.

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“…and Bryan et al (2019) showed that the occurrence of Kepler-like sub-Neptune planets and cold Jupiters (>1AU) are correlated: as much as 30% of Kepler-like systems has a cold Jupiter whereas a cold Jupiter almost certainly has inner Kepler-like planetary companions. A follow-up study by Masuda et al (2020) revealed that the mutual inclination between the cold Jupiter and inner planetary system is drastically larger if the inner planetary system only has one transiting planet. The proposed explanation is that an inclined cold Jupiter dynamically disrupt or scatter the inner planets thereby reducing the number of planets and/or inducing large mutual inclinations and eccentricities.…”

Section: Singles Vs Multismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For giant planets within < 2000 days period, the suppression factor is about 3-10 times fewer than sun-like stars. Masuda et al (2020) showed that the presence of a misaligned giant planet dynamically disturb the inner planetary systems possibly reducing the number of planet and inducing higher mutual inclinations. The lack of giant planets around lower-mass stars may be a boon for the close-in sub-Neptune planets which are much likely to survive around M dwarfs.…”

Section: Higher Formation Efficiency For Lower-mass Starsmentioning

confidence: 99%

California-Kepler Survey. IX. Revisiting the Minimum-mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters

Dai¹,

Winn²,

Schlaufman³

et al. 2020

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Previous works on Kepler multi-planet systems revealed a remarkable intra-system uniformity in planet radius/mass; moreover the average planet size increases with host mass/metallicity. This observation provides tantalizing evidence that the outcome of planet formation can be linked to the properties of the host star and its disk. In a simple in-situ formation scenario, the minimum-mass extrasolar nebula (MMEN) reconstructed from a planetary system reflect the properties of its natal disk.Specifically, one might expect a one-to-one correspondence between the solid surface density of the MMEN and the host star mass M and metallicity [Fe/H]. Leveraging on the precise host star properties from the California-Kepler-Survey (CKS), we found that Σ = 50 +33 −20 g cm −2 (a/AU) −1.75±0.07 (M /M) 1.04±0.22 10 0.22±0.05[Fe/H] for Kepler-like systems (1-4R ⊕ ; a <1AU). The strong M dependence is reminiscent of previous dust continuum results that the solid disk mass scales with M. The weaker [Fe/H] dependence shows that sub-Neptune planets, unlike giant planets, form readily in lower-metallicity environment. The innermost region (a < 0.1AU) of a MMEN maintains a smooth profile despite a steep decline of planet occurrence rate: a result that favors the truncation of disks by co-rotating magnetospheres with a range of rotation periods, rather than the sublimation of dusts. The Σ of Kepler multi-transiting systems shows a much stronger correlation with M and [Fe/H] than singles. This suggests that the dynamically hot evolution that produced single systems also partially removed the memory of formation in disks. Radial-velocity planets yielded a MMEN very similar to CKS planets; whereas transit-timing-variation planets' postulated convergent migration history is supported by their poorly constrained MMEN. We found that lower-mass stars have a higher efficiency of forming/retaining planets: for sun-like stars about 20% of the solid mass within ∼1AU are converted/preserved as sub-Neptunes, compared to 70% for late-K-early-M stars. This may be due to the lower binary fraction, lower giant-planet occurrence or the longer disk lifetime of lower-mass stars.

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Mutual Orbital Inclinations between Cold Jupiters and Inner Super-Earths

Cited by 52 publications

References 93 publications

The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS)

The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS)

The Origin of Systems of Tightly Packed Inner Planets with Misaligned, Ultra-short-period Companions

California-Kepler Survey. IX. Revisiting the Minimum-mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters

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