Mutualistic viruses and the heteronomy of life

Pradeu, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.007

Cited by 37 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 127 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…Adopting an immunological perspective thus allows us to evaluate the individuality of the 4 See for instance, Turnbaugh et al 2007;Zilber-Rosenberg and Rosenberg 2008;Gilbert et al 2012;McFall-Ngai et al 2013;Pradeu 2016;O'Malley 2014. 5 Peter Godfrey-Smith pointed us to this reference in O'Malley (2014).…”

Section: Immunity and Host Individualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms as scaffolds of host individuality: an eco-immunity account of the holobiont

Chiu

Eberl

2016

Biol Philos

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There is currently a great debate about whether the holobiont, i.e. a multicellular host and its residential microorganisms, constitutes a biological individual. We propose that resident microorganisms have a general and important role in the individuality of the host organism, not the holobiont. Drawing upon the Equilibrium Model of Immunity (Eberl 2016), we argue that microorganisms are scaffolds of immune capacities and processes that determine the constituency and persistence of the host organism. A scaffolding perspective accommodates the contingency and heterogeneity of resident microorganisms while accounting for their necessity and unifying contributions to host individuality. In our symbiotic view of life, holobionts may not be organisms or units of selection, but macroorganisms cannot persist nor function without their scaffolding microorganisms.

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Section: Immunity and Host Individualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms as scaffolds of host individuality: an eco-immunity account of the holobiont

Chiu

Eberl

2016

Biol Philos

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“…Merging events can also happen between a virus and a host species (Pradeu, 2016). For example, many parasitoid wasps have integrated a polydnavirus into their genome several million years ago; such polydnaviruses have a beneficial effect on the parasitoid wasps: they enable them to realize their life cycle by laying their eggs into their hosts, where then their offspring grow, often killing the host progressively.…”

Section: Why the Case Of Symbiosis Strengthens The Genidentity Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Everything Flows

2018

172

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A crucial question for anyone willing to defend a process view of the biological world is how to identify a process and how to follow it through time. Here I suggest that the "genidentity" view (suggested first by psychologist Kurt Lewin, and then further explored by philosopher Hans Reichenbach, mainly in the context of physics) can contribute decisively to this project. According to the genidentity view, the identity through time of an entity X is nothing more than the continuous connection of the states through which X goes. In this paper, I explain how the genidentity view addresses the long debated problem of what constitutes diachronic identity in the biological world. I describe the centrality of the concept of genidentity in David Hull's reflection on biological identity, and I then suggest an extension of Hull's view on the basis of recent data demonstrating the ubiquity of symbiotic interactions in the living world. Finally, using immunological interactions as a key example, I show that the genidentity view sheds light on process biology by suggesting that the main interest of a process approach is epistemological rather than ontological, and that the main claim of a process approach is one of priority, that is, the claim that processes precede and define things, and not vice versa.

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“…The genus Cotesia belongs to the microgastroid group of braconid wasps (Whitfield, Austin, & Fernandez‐Triana, ), in which the main virulence function evolved from the domestication of a virus, named the bracovirus (Burke & Strand, ; Gauthier et al., ; Herniou et al., ; Pradeu, ; Webb & Strand, ). Bracoviruses derive from the stable integration of a large DNA virus of the family Nudiviridae in the genome of the wasps 100 Mya ago (Bézier et al., ; Drezen et al., ; Thézé, Bézier, Periquet, Drezen, & Herniou, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genus Cotesia belongs to the microgastroid group of braconid wasps (Whitfield, Austin, & Fernandez-Triana, 2018), in which the main virulence function evolved from the domestication of a virus, named the bracovirus (Burke & Strand, 2012;Gauthier et al, 2018;Herniou et al, 2013;Pradeu, 2016;Webb & Strand, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic footprints of adaptive divergence in the bracovirus of Cotesia sesamiae identified by targeted resequencing

et al. 2018

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The African parasitoid wasp Cotesia sesamiae is a generalist species structured in locally adapted populations showing differences in host range. The recent discovery of Cotesia typhae, a specialist, sister species to C. sesamiae, provides a good framework to study the genetic determinants of parasitoid host range. To investigate the genomic bases of divergence between these populations and species, we used a targeted sequencing approach on 24 samples. We targeted the bracovirus genomic region encoding virulence genes involved in the interaction with the lepidopteran hosts of the wasps. High sequencing coverage was obtained for all samples, allowing the study of genetic variation between wasp populations and species. By combining population genetic estimations, such as nucleotide diversity (π), relative differentiation (F ) and absolute divergence (d ), with branch-site dN/dS measures, we identified six of 98 bracovirus genes showing significant divergence and evidence of positive selection. These genes, belonging to different gene families, are potentially involved in host adaptation and in the specialization process. Fine-scale analyses of genetic variation also revealed mutations and large deletions in certain genes inducing pseudogenization and loss of function. The image emerging from these results is that adaptation mediated by bracovirus genes happens through selection of particularly adaptive alleles and loss of nonadaptive genes. These results highlight the central role of the bracovirus in the molecular interactions between the wasps and their hosts and in the evolutionary processes of specialization.

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Mutualistic viruses and the heteronomy of life

Cited by 37 publications

References 127 publications

Microorganisms as scaffolds of host individuality: an eco-immunity account of the holobiont

Microorganisms as scaffolds of host individuality: an eco-immunity account of the holobiont

Everything Flows

Genetic footprints of adaptive divergence in the bracovirus of Cotesia sesamiae identified by targeted resequencing

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