MXene: A wonderful nanomaterial in antibacterial

Abstract

Increasing bacterial infections and growing resistance to available drugs pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. Although antibiotics are crucial in fighting bacterial infections, their excessive use not only weakens our immune system but also contributes to bacterial resistance. These negative effects have caused doctors to be troubled by the clinical application of antibiotics. Facing this challenge, it is urgent to explore a new antibacterial strategy. MXene has been extensively reported in tumor therapy and biosensors due to its wonderful performance. Due to its large specific surface area, remarkable chemical stability, hydrophilicity, wide interlayer spacing, and excellent adsorption and reduction ability, it has shown wonderful potential for biopharmaceutical applications. However, there are few antimicrobial evaluations on MXene. The current antimicrobial mechanisms of MXene mainly include physical damage, induced oxidative stress, and photothermal and photodynamic therapy. In this paper, we reviewed MXene-based antimicrobial composites and discussed the application of MXene in bacterial infections to guide further research in the antimicrobial field.

Osteogenic Microenvironment Restoration around Dental Implants Induced by an Injectable MXene-Based Hydrogel

“…High temperatures destroyed bacterial membranes, proteins, and DNA and caused irreversible damage to bacteria by denaturating bacterial proteins and increasing the permeability of bacterial membranes, making the material in the cell leak, and destroying the homeostasis balance inside and outside the cell. 12 In this study, the multifunctional platform FMXO was developed with the aim of restoring an anti-inflammatory environment. FMXO was designed to reduce the expression of proinflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS, thereby creating an environment conducive to tissue regeneration.…”

“…Moreover, MXene showed excellent photothermal properties and could convert light energy into heat energy. High temperatures destroyed bacterial membranes, proteins, and DNA and caused irreversible damage to bacteria by denaturating bacterial proteins and increasing the permeability of bacterial membranes, making the material in the cell leak, and destroying the homeostasis balance inside and outside the cell . In this study, the multifunctional platform FMXO was developed with the aim of restoring an anti-inflammatory environment.…”

“…Emerging research suggests that twodimensional materials hold tremendous potential. 11,12 Studies have demonstrated that Ti-based MXene exhibits degradability and can promote bone growth. 13,14 In a study by Rasool et al, it was found that monolayer Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene exhibited excellent antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli.…”

“…In recent years, bioactive materials have garnered significant attention as multifunctional platforms in antibacterial and bone regeneration engineering. Emerging research suggests that two-dimensional materials hold tremendous potential. , Studies have demonstrated that Ti-based MXene exhibits degradability and can promote bone growth. , In a study by Rasool et al, it was found that monolayer Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene exhibited excellent antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli . Du et al made composite materials made of MXene and polydopamine in collaboration with photothermal therapy (PTT) to eliminate bacteria and stimulate bone growth .…”

MXene-Based Skin-Like Hydrogel Sensor and Machine Learning-Assisted Handwriting Recognition

“…As a two-dimensional inorganic material composed of transition metal carbides and nitrides, MXene has a unique structure and compelling properties such as excellent conductivity, high surface area, tunable surface functional groups, and outstanding hydrophilicity. , Furthermore, MXene has chemical stability, − which makes it an ideal conductive material, and is widely used by researchers in flexible sensors, , supercapacitors, catalysts, , and electromagnetic interference. , However, MXene hydrogel exhibits a low elongation at break, which leads to easy damage during stretching. Additionally, its elastic modulus is not compatible with human tissues, limiting its practical applications in flexible sensors.…”