“…Along with consistent definitions for student participation, measurement of this outcome variable was generally consistent, with two main procedures used commonly across studies. Momentary time sampling was used to quantify student participation in three studies (Martin et al, 2006; Powers et al, 2001; Royer, 2017), while the other three studies (Chambers, 1999; Meglemre, 2010; Van Reusen et al, 1989) tallied the total number of verbal contributions. Individual study characteristics, including those related to quality, are detailed below and shown in Table 3.…”