Mycetoma and Chromoblastomycosis: Perspective for Diagnosis Improvement Using Biomarkers

Abstract

Background: Mycetoma and chromoblastomycosis are both chronic subcutaneous infectious diseases that pose an obstacle to socioeconomic development. Besides the therapeutic issue, the diagnosis of most neglected tropical diseases (NTD) is challenging. Confirmation using direct microscopy and culture, recognized as WHO essential diagnostic tests, are limited to specialized facilities. In this context, there is a need for simple user-friendly diagnostic tests to be used in endemic villages. Methods: This review discuss the available biomarkers that could help to improve the diagnostic capacity for mycetoma and chromoblastomycosis in a theoretical and practical perspective. Results: A lack of research in this area has to be deplored, mainly for mycetoma. Biomarkers based on the immune response (pattern of leucocytes, antibody detection), the dermal involvement (extracellular matrix monitoring, protein expression), and the presence of the infectious agent (protein detection) are potential candidates for the detection or follow-up of infection. Conclusion: Confirmatory diagnosis based on specific diagnostic biomarkers will be the basis for the optimal treatment of mycetoma and chromoblastomycosis. It will be part of the global management of NTDs under the umbrella of stewardship activities.

Chromoblastomycosis in French Guiana: Epidemiology and Practices, 1955–2023

“…However, the absence of histopathology laboratories in remote areas probably limits the availability of early diagnosis. New diagnostic tests are based on the detection of specific biomarkers or DNA sequencing, but this raises the question of their accessibility in endemic countries with limited resources [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. The proportion of diagnoses by direct examination was low, given the easiness of this procedure.…”

Nanoparticles assisted intra and transdermic delivery of antifungal ointment: an updated review

“…In areas exposed to fungal inoculation, sporotrichosis is characterized by infiltrating nodular or ulcerated lesions [ 34 ]. Chromomycosis and maduramycosis (or mycetoma) are two other instances of subcutaneous mycoses [ 35 ].…”

Skin Mycetoma in an 11-Year-Old African Boy: Case Presentation with Emphasis on Histopathological Features and Differential Diagnosis

“…Although mycetoma is a disease of tropical countries, particularly West Africa, parts of India, and Central and South America, there are sporadic reports of cases in the USA, Canada, and Europe, where new migratory flows are modifying the epidemiology observed and known until a few years ago [ 11 , 12 ]. In these countries, rural workers, particularly males, are most commonly infected, with over 70% of infections occurring on the feet (Madura foot), with the hand the next most common site of involvement [ 13 ]. The grains discharged from the sinuses vary in color, size, and consistency, features that are used for the identification of mycetoma [ 14 ].…”