Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: an insidious problem for the ruminant industry

Salem, Mohamed; Heydel, Carsten; El-Sayed, Amr; Ahmed, Soliman; Zschöck, M.; Baljer, George

doi:10.1007/s11250-012-0274-2

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which was first described in 1895 (Johne and Frothingham, 1895;Harris and Barletta, 2001;Salem et al, 2013). The disease primarily affects cattle, sheep, and goats but it has also been reported in horses, deer, alpaca, llama, camels, moose, elk, buffalo, reindeer, pigs, rabbits, stoats, hares, badgers, foxes, and weasels [Beard et al, 2001;CFSPH, 2007;Reyes-García et al, 2008;OIE, 2014].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle

Garcia

Shalloo

2015

Journal of Dairy Science

187

124

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Paratuberculosis (also called Johne's disease) is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that affects ruminants and other animals. The epidemiology of paratuberculosis is complex and the clinical manifestations and economic impact of the disease in cattle can be variable depending on factors such as herd management, age, infection dose, and disease prevalence, among others. Additionally, considerable challenges are faced in the control of paratuberculosis in cattle, such as the lack of accurate and reliable diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, efforts are directed toward the control of this disease because it can cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry mainly due to increased premature culling, replacement costs, decreased milk yield, reduced feed conversion efficiency, fertility problems, reduced slaughter values, and increased susceptibility to other diseases or conditions. The variability and uncertainty surrounding the estimations of paratuberculosis prevalence and impact influence the design, implementation, and efficiency of control programs in diverse areas of the world. This review covers important aspects of the economic impact and control of paratuberculosis, including challenges related to disease detection, estimations of the prevalence and economic effects of the disease, and the implementation of control programs. The control of paratuberculosis can improve animal health and welfare, increase productivity, reduce potential market problems, and increase overall business profitability. The benefits that can derive from the control of paratuberculosis need to be communicated to all industry stakeholders to promote the implementation of control programs. Moreover, if the suspected link between Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease in humans was established, significant economic losses could be expected, particularly for the dairy industry, making the control of this disease a priority across dairy industries internationally.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle

Garcia

Shalloo

2015

Journal of Dairy Science

187

124

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“…In most cases, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infects cattle subclinically and evidences of typical clinical signs (diarrhea, decreased milk productions, and weight loss) are normally limited to a low proportion of infected individuals aged two years or more [3]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Association Analysis of Paratuberculosis Forms in Holstein-Friesian Cattle

Vázquez

Ruiz-Larrañaga

Garrido

et al. 2014

Veterinary Medicine International

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A genetic susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in ruminants has been longtime suspected to exist. Recently, natural infections in cattle have been reclassified into latent and patent forms based on histopathological findings and their associations with immunological and microbiological variables. This study aims to explore whether these newly defined phenotypes are associated with twenty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six bovine candidate genes: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), solute carrier family 11 member A1 (SLC11A1), nuclear body protein SP110 (SP110), toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4, and CD209 (also known as DC-SIGN, dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin). SNPs were genotyped for 772 Holstein-Friesian animals (52.6% apparently free; 38.1% latent; 9.3% patent) by TaqMan OpenArray technology. Genotypic-phenotypic associations were assessed by logistic regression analysis adjusted for age at slaughter, under five models (codominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant, and log-additive), and corrected for multiple testing. The rs208222804 C allele (CD209 gene) was found to be associated with latent paratuberculosis (log-additive model: P < 0.0034 after permutation procedure; OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.48–0.86). No significant association was detected between any SNP and the patent phenotype. Consequently, CD209 gene may play a key role in the pathogenesis of bovine paratuberculosis.

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“…The problem will not disappear; it will just become more difficult to treat it. We have given paratuberculosis a head start of 100 years (Salem et al 2013a). Our strategy must be changed; we have to close the gap.…”

Section: Basic Knowledge Importantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crohn's disease and related inflammatory diseases: from many single hypotheses to one "superhypothesis"

Hruška

Pavlík

2014

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The aetiology of Crohn's disease and paratuberculosis are the subjects of intensive study and also frequently, of dispute. However, a number of other nosological entities have a similar history, namely type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, asthma, psoriasis, spondylarthritis, Blau syndrom etc. The zoonotic risk of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been discussed for more than one hundred years. "The problem remains open, further research is needed", is the sentence which seems to be obligatory in the conclusions of many scientific articles. A number of hypotheses have been suggested, all with a grain of truth in them. The infection hypothesis has many supporters and opponents, but it does not fit to all Crohn's disease cases. The contribution of the genetic factor has been admitted a long time ago and has been experimentally confirmed by recent excellent studies. An environmental factor is expected and has been often mentioned, but has yet to be discovered. Muramyl dipeptide, derived from peptidoglycans of the bacterial cell wall is one of the triggers, mentioned in connection with chronic inflammatory diseases. The immunomodulatory ability of this compound has been recognised for decades and is exploited in Freund's adjuvant. A critical amount of muramyl dipeptide can affect immunity during some bacterial infections but the long latent period between infection and onset of the clinical form of the disease could explain why a causative relationship between the primary infection and chronic inflammation is not considered. Different species of mycobacteria can be found in the environment, in water, dust, soil and aerosol. Although severe infections with mycobacteria have been described, these species are not thought to be typical zoonotic pathogens. Muramyl dipeptide derived from mycobacteria obviously plays a starring role as a bacterial trigger in the aetiology of many autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Paratuberculosis in cattle and other ruminants is a source of enormous contamination of the environment but also of milk and meat by MAP. Muramyl dipeptide from mycobacteria, namely MAP, and Crohn's disease as a representative of diseases often called civilization threats, are important pieces of the gigantic puzzle. Mycobacteria in the environment and foodstuffs have to be acknowledged as a public health risk, which can never be completely eliminated. There is no reason to push the panic button, but we must learn how to live together with this microorganism, how the pool of immunomodulator sources can be diminished, and how the pathogenic relationship between triggers and target tissues can be disrupted. The dissemination of knowledge, the availability of rapid and inexpensive tools for identification of mycobacteria in different matrices, and the establishment of a maximal allowed limit for mycobacteria in milk and meat should contribute to food safety and consumer protection.Keywords: aerosolisation; asthma; autoimmune diseases; autoinflammatory diseases; bacteri...

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: an insidious problem for the ruminant industry

Cited by 43 publications

References 112 publications

Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle

Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle

Genetic Association Analysis of Paratuberculosis Forms in Holstein-Friesian Cattle

Crohn's disease and related inflammatory diseases: from many single hypotheses to one "superhypothesis"

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