Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and its relationship with Crohn’s disease

Mendoza, Juan L.; Lana, Raquel Martins; Dı́az-Rubio, Manuel

doi:10.3748/wjg.15.417

Cited by 88 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…In contrast herd prevalence rates in Europe range from 6.9% in Austria (Dreier et al, 2006) to 54.7% in the Netherlands (Muskens et al, 2000). Another aspect is the controversially discussed relationship between MAP and Crohn's disease in humans whereas the causal role of MAP has not been confirmed so far (Mendoza et al, 2009).As an infection with MAP is not treatable it is important to control the infection with MAP in farm animals, by (a) preventing † E-mail: georg.erhardt@agrar.uni-giessen.de animal 1586 transmission of the organism to susceptible animals by management strategies, (b) by identifying and culling infected animals, and/or by clarifying the genetic background of MAP susceptibility to improve selection options. Several studies have estimated heritabilities for paratuberculosis susceptibility.…”

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Phenotype definition is a main point in genome-wide association studies for bovine Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection status

Küpper

Brandt

Donat³

et al. 2014

Animal

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Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes economic losses and is present in dairy herds worldwide. Different studies used different diagnostic tests to detect infection status and are the basis of genome-wide association (GWA) studies with inconsistent results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and compare genomic regions associated with MAP susceptibility in the same cohort of cattle using different diagnostic tests. The GWA study was performed in German Holsteins within a case-control assay using 305 cows tested for MAP by fecal culture and additional with four different commercial ELISA-tests. Genotyping was performed with the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip. The results using fecal culture or ELISA test led to the identification of different genetic loci. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms showed significant association with the ELISA-status. However, no significant association for MAP infection could be confirmed. Our results show that the definition of the MAP-phenotype has an important impact on the outcome of GWA studies for paratuberculosis.Keywords: cattle, paratuberculosis, genome wide association, fecal culture, ELISA Implications Paratuberculosis, caused by the agent Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), occurs worldwide and leads to high economic losses, due to reduced milk production, reduced fertility and higher management costs in dairy farms. Heritabilities for the susceptibility to MAP infection range between 0.031 and 0.283, whereas fecal culture shows a higher genetic background than ELISA test results. Due to different test systems used for phenotypic characterization of the MAP status of the cattle, so far association studies lead to inconsistent results. Therefore it was the aim of this study to perform a case-control genome-wide association study with MAP fecal culture phenotyped German Holstein cows which were simultaneous tested with four different ELISA tests to contribute to the understanding of genetic variability involved in MAP susceptibility. IntroductionParatuberculosis or Johne's disease is a chronic intestinal disease especially in ruminants caused by the agent Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Infection with MAP occurs worldwide and leads to economic losses due to lower milk production, reduced fertility and costs associated with the management of infected animals (McKenna et al., 2006). Estimated prevalence rates for MAP are among European cattle up to 20%, but at least 3% to 5% in some countries (Nielsen and Toft, 2009). Due to a lack of country wide testing schemes, the long incubation time, subclinical phases (Chiodini et al., 1984) and problems with test method accuracy (Kohl et al., 2012), it is difficult to make a statement about prevalence rates. In 2007, the US Department of Agriculture's National Animal Health Monitoring System reported, that 68% of dairy herds in the United States were found to be infected with MAP, whereas 21.6% of these farms had at least 10% of cows infected with MA...

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confidence: 89%

Phenotype definition is a main point in genome-wide association studies for bovine Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection status

Küpper

Brandt

Donat³

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…또한 MAP가 사람에서 만성 염증성 장질환으로 알려진 크론병과 관련이 있을 것이라는 증거들이 보고되면서 공중보건학상 중요한 질 병으로 여겨지고 있다 [5,6,11,12,[14][15][16].…”

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“…본 연구에서는 2008년부터 2009년까지 2년 동안 의뢰된 국가 종축우의 혈청에 대한 요네병의 양성률 에 대해 조사하고 이를 토대로 국가 방역사업을 위한 기초자 료로 사용하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 2008년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지 2년 동안 농림수산검역검 사본부 질병진단과에 총 3,927건(한우 3,692두, 젖소 235두; 2008년 2,036두, 2009년 1,891두; 2세 미만 1,509개, 2-3세 486 두, 3-4세 441두, [3,5,6,9,11,[14][15][16]. 요네병은 전 세계 적으로 발생하고 있어 오래 전부터 국가별로 발생상황 조사, 진단법 연구를 통한 피해감소와 방역대책을 추진해 오고 있다 [9].…”

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Seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis in Pure-bred Breeding Cattle in Korea

Kim¹,

Byun²,

Jeon³

et al. 2012

Journal of Life Science

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Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), a chronic wasting disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is a major cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. In Korea, national monitoring of breeding stock for MAP has been implemented. In this study, we report the results of serological testing to determine the prevalence of MAP in breeding stock of Korean native and dairy cattle during 2008 and 2009. A total of 3,927 serum samples were submitted (3,692 Korean native cattle and 235 dairy cattle) to Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency. The samples were classified into four different age groups for MAP; group 1 (≤2 year, n = 1,509), group 2 (>2 years to≤3 years, n = 486), group 3 (>3 years to ≤4 years, n = 441), and group 4 (>4 years, n = 1,491). Overall seroprevalence of MAP in this study was 0.5% (21/3,927), which was much lower than that of conventional cattle (1.2-16.4%) in Korea. Also, the seroprevalence was determined by age groups: three of group 1 (0.2%), two of group 2 (0.4%), three of group 3 (0.7%), and 13 of group 4 (0.9%) were seropositive for MAP, respectively. Although seropositive samples were found in all age groups, the seroprevalence tended to increase with age. Our study showed that the seroprevalence of MAP in pure-bred breeding dairy cattle (0%) was lower than that in pure-bred breeding Korean native cattle (0.6%).

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“…However, the detection of MAP-DNA in blood of patients with CD may suggest that a viable form of the organism is present in them. 33,34 The presence of MAP in blood may also be a reflection of an increase in intestinal permeability which is seen in 40% of patients with CD. 35 However, the more frequent detection of MAP in CD compared with UC argues against increased gut permeability as the sole explanation.…”

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In the search of a cause of Crohn’s disease

Makharia

Singh

2010

Indian J Gastroenterol

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While the exact cause of Crohn's disease (CD) is not known, it is thought that chronic inflammation in CD results from an inappropriate and chronic activation of the innate and adaptive mucosal immune systems in a genetically susceptible host, and that enteric microflorae play a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of the disease. 1 Organisms such as Pseudomonas maltophilia, Mycobacterium kansasii, Chlamydia trachomatis, Bacteroides fragilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) have been implicated and identified in the intestines of patients with CD; however, no other putative pathogenic organism except MAP causes a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the intestines in every other species in which it is present. 2 Moreover, because of remarkable clinical, morphological and epidemiological similarity between intestinal tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and CD in humans and Johne's disease (caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis) in cattle, a mycobacterial pathogen is thought to be a causative organism of CD. [3][4][5][6][7] An association and causality of Helicobacter pylori with peptic ulcer disease revolutionized the treatment of peptic ulcers; similar implication of MAP as a cause of CD has raised hopes amongst physicians, microbiologists and basic scientists for the cure of this disease. 8 In the first report almost 25 years back, Chiodini and colleagues isolated cell-wall deficient cells, called spheroplasts, from tissue samples after several months of incubation from patients with CD. These spheroplasts were sub-cultured and they later developed a cell wall that stained positively with Ziehl-Neelson staining; they were classified as mycobacterial like organisms. 9-11 These isolates were later confirmed as M. avium paratuberculosis by DNA hybridization. The unusual nature of the cell walldeficient MAP and the challenges in culture of MAP with its fastidious and slow growing requiring months to years to culture and multiple studies reporting failure to culture MAP from patients with CD dampened the initial zeal. 12 There was then a period of silence in the 1990s. With availability of better culture techniques and use of molecular techniques to identify MAP in 2000s, there was resurgence of interest of many laboratories in this field. There has been a flurry of publications since then relating CD and MAP. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] MAP infection in humans is difficult to detect. The organisms are intracellular and minimize their own immune recognition. They are therefore difficult to isolate and propagate in culture and are relatively resistant to chemical and enzymatic lysis. Reliable access to their DNA is only achieved during sample processing by combining exposure to stringent lysis buffers with an additional optimised mechanical disruption step. Freezing samples and tissue extracts especially at -20°C substantially reduces the PCR detection rate of their GC-rich DNA. The identifi...

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and its relationship with Crohn’s disease

Cited by 88 publications

References 45 publications

Phenotype definition is a main point in genome-wide association studies for bovine Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection status

Phenotype definition is a main point in genome-wide association studies for bovine Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection status

Seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis in Pure-bred Breeding Cattle in Korea

In the search of a cause of Crohn’s disease

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