Mycoflora and Mycotoxin Production in Oilseed Cakes during Farm Storage

Abstract

Agricultural activities involve the use of oilseed cakes as a source of proteins for livestock. Because the storage of oilseed cakes could induce the development of molds and the production of mycotoxins, a survey was conducted during the 5 months of farm storage. Mycoflora was studied by microscopic examinations, and the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. A multimycotoxin method was developed to quantify seven mycotoxins (aflatoxin B(1), alternariol, fumonisin B(1), gliotoxin, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone) in oilseed cakes by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Among 34 fungal species identified, A. fumigatus and Aspergillus repens were observed during 5 and 4 months, respectively. Gliotoxin, an immunosuppressive mycotoxin, was quantified in oilseed cakes up to 45 microg/kg, which was associated with the presence of toxigenic isolates of A. fumigatus.

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

“…Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid were found in rapeseed and sunflower meals, but the consequences of these levels for pig and poultry health are difficult to establish [134,135]. Studies on mycoflora and mycotoxin production in oilseed cakes during on-farm storage suggested that toxinogenic strains of Aspergillus fumigatus can develop and produce gliotoxin [136]. Old studies on mustard and mustard products also suggested that toxinogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum can grow on Brassicaceae and produce diaxetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone [137].…”

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“…Other mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA) alter immune-mediated activities in bovines (Black et al, 1992). Occurrence of mycotoxins such as AFs, FBs, ZEA, T 2 toxin and gliotoxin in cattle feeds and ingredients has been already reported (Batatinha et al, 2007;Naicker et al, 2007;Simas et al, 2007;Lanier et al, 2009;Lanier et al, 2010). Simas et al, (2007) encountered Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp and Fusarium spp, in brewer's grains samples intended for cattle.…”

Impact of Mycotoxins Secreted by Aspergillus Molds on the Inflammatory Response of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

“…The respiratory route has been recognized in the past two decades as an important route of exposure, especially for workers in corn storage facilities and in animal farms [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Indeed, some studies have established an association between low-level exposure to molds and mycotoxins, and asthma or chronic airway inflammation, especially among workers in an agricultural setting [ 9 , 12 ]. Such exposure is related to the onset of farmers’ lung disease [ 13 ], hypersensitivity pneumonia, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis [ 14 ].…”