Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections

Cherry, James D.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4044-6.50213-2

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 581 publications

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“…The clinical presentation observed in our patient population did not differ greatly from that described in other studies, 1,2,7 fever and cough being the most common symptoms. Despite the hospital-based nature of our study, the rate of acute dyspnoea and wheezing was lower than recently reported in a similar series.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Mycoplasmas, the smallest known free-living forms, have been associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, including those involving the respiratory tract which are related to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae). 1,2 Indeed, M. pneumoniae is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections in humans and an important pathogen in acute respiratory illnesses in children and in adults, accounting for as many as 20e40% of all cases of community-acquired pneumonia. 2e4 However, as direct invasion of the different tissues or, indirectly, as a result of the host immune system reaction to infection, M. pneumoniae can also cause extrapulmonary disorders affecting the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous and renal systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children

Defilippi

Silvestri

Tacchella

et al. 2008

Respiratory Medicine

147

111

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is, considered to affect rarely children less than 5 yrs of age. This study was performed to describe the epidemiology and the clinical features of MP lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, presenting to a tertiary children hospital. Eleven month-longitudinal study of LRTI due to MP, diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on throat swab specimen, was performed. Out of 866 children with LRTI admitted to the Gaslini Pediatric Institute in Genoa, 102 had a positive PCR for MP. We found 39 preschool-aged children, 42 school-aged children and 21 young adolescent [6.20 (3.81) yrs old]. Interestingly, eight MP+ infants had <8 months of age. The commonest presentations were cough and/or fever (76.5%). Tachypnoea, upper respiratory tract involvement, diarrhoea and vomiting were more common in the <5 yr Gr as compared to the other groups. Chest X-ray was found abnormal in 76 children: consolidations were the commonest finding. Laboratory test showed that the preschool-aged children had a higher number of lymphocytes (p<0.0001) and monocytes (p=0.009). Thrombocytosis was found in 35.7% of children and was more frequent in the preschool-aged children (p=0.013). MP infection is common in preschool-aged children, including young infants, and may have different clinical presentation, as compared to older children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children

Defilippi

Silvestri

Tacchella

et al. 2008

Respiratory Medicine

147

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…If antibiotics are taken early in the disease, the duration of symptoms and signs will typically be shorter. The clinical features observed in our study did not vary greatly from those mentioned in other studies 33,34,35 except for tachypnea being the most common symptom, whereas it was fever and cough in others.…”

Section: Observation and Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Prevalence and Clinical Spectrum of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Community-acquired Pneumonia

Ali

Khan²,

Mittal

et al. 2023

Biosci., Biotech. Res. Asia

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Introduction Community-acquired pneumonia has been a serious health issue, particularly among the pediatric age group, and is considered to be one of the major causes responsible for hospital admissions [1]. It is a substantial cause of respiratory illness and mortality in children in developing countries. It is a widespread bacterial pathogen that has been associated with a variety of clinical features, including pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations. But as diagnostic testing is typically based on serology or non-standardized molecular techniques, the prevalence and epidemiology of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) owing to Mycoplasma pneumoniae are poorly recognized [6]. Because of its ample prevalence and fatal complications, there is a need to identify cases of Mycoplasma pneumonia and treat them optimally to minimize the long-term consequences. Material and Method This study aims to recruit the cases of community-acquired pneumonia from the OPD and IPD of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College Hospital, AMU, Aligarh, for one year (October 2019–October 2020) in patients within 1–14 years of age and assess the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumonia among them. Result Five (15.62%) of the total of thirty-two (100%) patients with community-acquired pneumonia had Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection diagnosed based on serology, with the majority of patients in the 1–5 year age group and variable clinical characteristics, with tachypnea, fever, and cough being the most prominent symptoms and diffuse reticular pattern and lobar consolidation being the most common radiological findings. Conclusions It has been concluded from the above study that the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia cases based on serology is low. However, because serology is not 100% sensitive and specific, and titers can range from complete absence for the first 7 days to highly detectable after one week of illness, the diagnosis should not be ruled out solely based on serology. Owing to the severity of the disease, a differential diagnosis of M. pneumoniae must always be kept in mind.

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“…The proportion of cases attributed to M. pneumoniae varies widely depending on the geographic setting where the study is conducted and the technique used for diagnosis, ranging between 3.2 and 22% [ 10 , 11 , 34 , 37 ]. Although the proportion of cases of M. pneumoniae by age group was similar, it is worth noting the high percentage observed in children of preschool age, different from the generalized concept that the proportion of cases of M. pneumoniae is higher as the age and level of schooling increases [ 7 , 49 , 50 ]. This finding cannot be explained by a selection bias or by a particular epidemic situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents

et al. 2022

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Background Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in pediatric population. The etiology of pneumonia in this population is variable and changes according to age and disease severity and where the study is conducted. Our aim was to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children aged 1 month to 17 years admitted to 13 Colombian hospitals. Methods Prospective cohort study. Hospitalized children with radiologically confirmed CAP and ≤ 15 days of symptoms were included and followed together with a control group. Induced sputum (IS) was submitted for stains and cultures for pyogenic bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multiplex PCR (mPCR) for bacteria and viruses; urinary antigens for pneumococcus and Legionella pneumophila; nasopharyngeal swabs for viruses, and paired serology for atypical bacteria and viruses. Additional cultures were taken at the discretion of primary care pediatricians. Results Among 525 children with CAP, 71.6% had non-severe pneumonia; 24.8% severe and 3.6% very severe pneumonia, and no fatal cases. At least one microorganism was identified in 84% of children and 61% were of mixed etiology; 72% had at least one respiratory virus, 28% pyogenic bacteria and 21% atypical bacteria. Respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, Influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Adenovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most common etiologies of CAP. Respiratory syncytial virus was more frequent in children under 2 years and in severe pneumonia. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 2.3% of children. IS was the most useful specimen to identify the etiology (33.6%), and blood cultures were positive in 3.6%. The concordance between all available diagnostic tests was low. A high percentage of healthy children were colonized by S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, or were infected by Parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, Influenza and Adenovirus. Conclusions Respiratory viruses are the most frequent etiology of CAP in children and adolescents, in particular in those under 5 years. This study shows the challenges in making an etiologic diagnosis of CAP in pediatric population because of the poor concordance between tests and the high percentage of multiple microorganisms in healthy children. IS is useful for CAP diagnosis in pediatric population.

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Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections

Cited by 9 publications

References 581 publications

Epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children

Epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children

Prevalence and Clinical Spectrum of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Community-acquired Pneumonia

Etiology and the challenge of diagnostic testing of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents

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