Mycoplasma genitalium compared to chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas as an aetiological agent of urethritis in men attending STD clinics

Gaydos, Charlotte A.; Maldeis, Nancy E.; Hardick, Andrew; Hardick, Justin; Quinn, Thomas C.

doi:10.1136/sti.2008.035477

Cited by 69 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This is incongruous with prior relevant studies on MSP (5,16,28) and a report on men who have sex with men (MSM), which states that MSM with prior STIs were approximately 4-fold more likely to be infected with M. genitalium than those without (2). This may be due to the likelihood of patients ignoring mild STI symptoms and recall bias.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…By contrast, M. genitalium was shown to be less prevalent than C. trachomatis in other countries (15,16). Despite the differences in sample size and M. genitalium testing methods between these studies and ours, the relatively high prevalence of M. genitalium in the present study suggests a possible M. genitalium epidemic in the study area.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…The negative association between consistent use of condom and N. gonorrhoeae infection was previously demonstrated in some studies on commercial sex workers and people living with HIV (17,(20)(21)(22) but not in other studies (13,16,18,23,24). The discrepancy in this respect among the above related studies indicate that the use of condoms is not very effective for protection against M. genitalium infections.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

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An Epidemiological Study of Mycoplasma genitalium Infections among Males Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in Guangxi, China

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY:The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of urethral Mycoplasma genitalium infections among male patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in China and identify risk factors associated with this disease. A total of 423 patients were recruited in Hezhou City, Guangxi Province, China, and each was requested to complete a questionnaire regarding sociological and sexual behaviors. First-void urine samples were collected for M. genitalium analysis by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 406 urine samples collected, 114 were M. genitalium-positive, giving a prevalence rate of 28.1z. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that M. genitalium infection was associated with younger age, having received at least senior high school education, and single marital status. In both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, M. genitalium infection was found to be associated with lack of symptoms for STD in the past year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] ＝ 2.839; 95z CI ＝ 1.495-5.392; P ＝ 0.001), no use of condoms with steady partners in the past year (AOR ＝ 2.830; 95z CI ＝ 1.468-5.455; P ＝ 0.002), and having sexual encounters with female sexual workers within the past 3 months (AOR ＝ 2.955; 95z CI ＝ 1.637-5.336; P º 0.0003). The observed high rate of M. genitalium infection among male STD patients in Hezhou City indicates an M. genitalium epidemic in the study population; thus, the national surveillance program and clinical health providers in China should more closely monitor this disease. INTROUDCTIONMycoplasma genitalium was first isolated from 2 of 13 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in 1981 (1). By molecular assays, many studies have associated M. genitalium infection with acute NGU, particularly non-chlamydial NGU (NCNGU) in men (2-5), with a prevalence ranging from 5z to 42z (6). M. genitalium also plays an etiological role in both persistent and recurrent NGU with an estimated prevalence of 19z-41z in men with persistent or recurrent urethritis (4,6). Although M. genitalium is an emerging pathogen of NGU, a limited number of studies have observed an M. genitalium prevalence of 10z-24z among men with NGU in China (7-9). Moreover, the National Sentinel Surveillance Program of China reported that the prevalence of NGU since 2008 has been equivalent to that of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection (10), without including the rate of M. genitalium-positive NGU. Thus, the actual rate of NGU in China may have been grossly underestimated. Furthermore, most healthcare providers often neglect M. genitalium-positive NGU; therefore, very little information is available regarding the disease burden of this pathogen. A study conducted by our group recently reported the prevalence of C. trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among male patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic (MSP) in China (11); however, this study did not include M. genitalium infection. Therefore, as a supplementary study, our objective of the present study was to d...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

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An Epidemiological Study of Mycoplasma genitalium Infections among Males Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in Guangxi, China

et al. 2014

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“…Furthermore, the development and use of quantitative PCR assays for M. genitalium have shown greater M. genitalium DNA loads in urine from men with NGU than in urine from those without the disease (98,100). It is noteworthy that the association between mycoplasma and disease is even stronger for acute nonchlamydial NGU (NCNGU) (2,9,14,19,24,30,35,40,47,55,58,74,84,95,105,108,113,120,133,144,147,149,164,182,185,211,217,232,235) (Fig. 3), with the mycoplasma being found in more than one-third of men with such disease, indicating that M. genitalium and C. trachomatis act as separate causes of the condition.…”

Section: Acute Nongonococcal Urethritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma genitalium: from Chrysalis to Multicolored Butterfly

2011

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SUMMARY The history, replication, genetics, characteristics (both biological and physical), and factors involved in the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium are presented. The latter factors include adhesion, the influence of hormones, motility, possible toxin production, and immunological responses. The preferred site of colonization, together with current detection procedures, mainly by PCR technology, is discussed. The relationships between M. genitalium and various diseases are highlighted. These diseases include acute and chronic nongonococcal urethritis, balanoposthitis, chronic prostatitis, and acute epididymitis in men and urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, vaginitis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and reproductive disease in women. A causative relationship, or otherwise strong association, between several of these diseases and M. genitalium is apparent, and the extent of this, on a subjective basis, is presented; also provided is a comparison between M. genitalium and two other genital tract-orientated mollicutes, namely, Mycoplasma hominis , the first mycoplasma of human origin to be discovered, and Ureaplasma species. Also discussed is the relationship between M. genitalium and infertility and also arthritis in both men and women, as is infection in homosexual and immunodeficient patients. Decreased immunity, as in HIV infections, may enhance mycoplasmal detection and increase disease severity. Finally, aspects of the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of M. genitalium , together with the treatment and possible prevention of mycoplasmal disease, are discussed.

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“…This syndrome is called postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) and is the result of dual infection of the urethra with N gonorrhoeae and organism of NGU (Gaydos et al, 2009). N gonorrhoeae is eradicated by a single dose of the aforementioned cephalosporins and quinolones but the organisms responsible for NGU are often spared.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%