Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Chronic Inflammation in Human Prostate Cancer: Detection Using Prostatectomy and Needle Biopsy Specimens

Abstract

The evidence of association between sexually transmitted infection and prostatic inflammation in human prostate cancer (PCa) is limited. Here, we sought to examine the potential association of prostatic infection with the inflammatory environment and prostate carcinogenesis. We screened surgical and biopsy specimens from 45 patients with PCa against a panel of sexually transmitted infection-related organisms using polymerase chain reaction and examined the severity of intraprostatic inflammation by pathologic examination. Among tested organisms, the rate of Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg) infection was significantly different between the prostate cancer cohort and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cohort (P = 0.03). Mg infection in the surgical specimens was associated with younger patients. The rate of extensive disease (pT2c–3b) was higher in Mg-positive patients than in Mg-negative patients (P = 0.027). No significant correlation was observed between Mg infection status and the grade of intraprostatic inflammation. The detection sensitivity of biopsy specimens was 61% for Mg and 60% for human papillomavirus (HPV)18, indicating possible clinical application of this material. A comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the urogenital microbiome and inflammation would facilitate the development of strategies for PCa prevention. Further studies are required to explore its clinical utility in recommendations of early re-biopsy, close follow-up, and treatment by antibiotics.

The human gastrointestinal microbiota and prostate cancer development and treatment

“…Miyake et al [59] found that the rate of extensive prostate disease was higher in those with Mycoplasma genitalium infection compared to those who did not have M. genitalium infection. M. genitalium is a clinically important sexually transmitted pathogen, which causes diseases that https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.2020.61.S1.S43…”

“…The studies exploring the specific microorganism and prostate cancer risk discussed above are summarized in Table 1 [44,53,54,59,60].…”

The human microbiome and its link in prostate cancer risk and pathogenesis

“…A similar study by Miyake et al, 2019 screened 45 prostate cancer and 33 BPH patient tissue specimens for various sexually transmitted infectious agents using PCR. Out of the seven organisms that were tested for, namely; Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, HPV16, and HPV18, only Mycoplasma genitalium was independently associated with prostate cancer and with high Gleason scores [39]. The findings from these studies indicate that prostate cancerous tissue harbor different microbial species, which could be linked to prostatic inflammation and carcinogenesis.…”

“… Banerjee S et al,2019 [ 38 ] Microarray metagenomics analysis of formalin-fixed tissue from 50 prostate cancer patients and 15 patients with BPH The most predominant bacteria belonged to the following phyla; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes respectively. Among the viruses isolated, 41% were known tumorigenic viruses, including high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV 16&18), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Miyake M et al, 2019 [ 39 ] 45 prostate cancer and 33 BPH tissue specimens were screened for sexually transmitted infectious agents using PCR Mycoplasma genitalium was the only organism independently associated with prostate cancer and with high Gleason scores Shrestha E et al 2018 [ 44 ] Assessed the urinary microbiome of 135 men undergoing prostate needle biopsy Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus , and Streptococcus species were the most predominant in both positive and negative biopsy cases. No species was significantly associated with prostate cancer.…”

Microbes in Tumoral In Situ Tissues and in Tumorigenesis

“…To reduce the impact of close proximity of the compared regions and the field effect thoroughly, Miyake et al examined 45 prostate cancer patients who underwent robotic prostatectomy and 40 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. The rate of Mycoplasma genitalium infection in the prostate cancer patients was higher than in the benign prostatic hyperplasia patients (Miyake et al, 2019). The above microbial differences between the tumoral lesions and the nonneoplastic tissues indicated that microbes might be novel biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.…”