Mycoplasma salivarium in human gingival sulci

Engel, L. David; Kenny, George E.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1970.tb00711.x

Cited by 57 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, the frequency distribution of periodontopathogenic and opportunistic bacteria did not seem to differ between tooth and implant sites, which is basically in line with a recent analysis assessing Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Pg , Prevotella intermedia , Tf , Treponema denticola , S. aureus , enteric bacteria, and P. aeruginosa [10]. In this context, it must be emphasized that the present analysis just focused on the most relevant periodontopathogens associated with peri-implantitis [4] as well as a few opportunistic bacteria [4,7,9,27] that were linked to the oral cavity. Therefore, future analyses should consider a broader spectrum of potential pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

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Real-time PCR analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe potential role of fungal organisms and their co-aggregation with either periodontopathogens or opportunistic pathogens at peri-implantitis sites is unknown. The aim of the present study was to qualitatively/quantitatively analyze and correlate fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites.MethodsIn a total of 29 patients, submucosal/subgingival plaque samples were collected at peri-implantitis and healthy implant sites as well as teeth with a history of periodontitis (controls). A real-time PCR assay was established for the qualification of fungal organisms and a TaqMan assay for the quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micra, Tannerella forsythia, Mycoplasma salivarium, Veillonella parvula, and Staphylococcus aureus.ResultsFungal organisms were more frequently identified at peri-implantitis (31.6%) (i.e., Candida albicans, Candida boidinii, Penicillium spp., Rhodotorula laryngis, Paelicomyces spp., Saccharomycetes, Cladosporium cladosporioides) and healthy implant sites (40% - Candida dubliniensis, C. cladosporioides) than at selected teeth (20% - C. albicans, Fusarium solani). At implant sites, fungal organisms were significantly correlated with P. micra and T. forsythia.ConclusionsCandida spp. and other fungal organisms were frequently identified at peri-implantitis as well as healthy implant sites and co-colonized with P. micra and T. forsythia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…At tooth sites, M. salivarium was mainly isolated from the sulcus area and associated with gingivitis lesions [27]. Interestingly, S. aureus has only been identified at one single peri-implantitis - but several healthy implant sites, which is contradictory to the higher prevalence at peri-implantitis sites noted in larger cohorts [4,7,9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time PCR analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites

et al. 2015

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“…Oral Mycoplasma species have been detected in over 90% of saliva samples from subjects with or without oral diseases and are traditionally regarded as non-pathogenic – M. salivarium being the most common species 41, 42 . However, its significantly higher prevalence in the subgingival biofilms in the periodontally-diseased compared to healthy subjects correlates with the severity of periodontal disease, suggesting its involvement in the disease process 43–46 . Oral plaque bacteria function as an integrated community where properties of the same organisms may differ from their behavior in planktonic culture 47 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of αvβ6 Integrin Expression by Polymicrobial Oral Biofilms in Gingival Epithelial Cells

Koivisto

Pang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Periodontal diseases manifest by the formation of deep pockets between the gingiva and teeth where multispecies bacterial biofilms flourish, causing inflammation and bone loss. Epithelial cell receptor αvβ6 integrin that regulates inflammation by activating the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β1, is highly expressed in healthy junctional epithelium that connects the gingiva to the tooth enamel. However, its expression is attenuated in human periodontal disease. Moreover, Itgb6 −/− mice display increased periodontal inflammation compared to wild-type mice. We hypothesized that bacterial biofilms present in the periodontal pockets suppress αvβ6 integrin levels in periodontal disease and that this change aggravates inflammation. To this end, we generated three-week-old multi-species oral biofilms in vitro and treated cultured gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with their extracts. The biofilm extracts caused suppression of β6 integrin expression and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β and -6. Furthermore, GECs with β6 integrin siRNA knockdown showed increased interleukin-1β expression, indicating that αvβ6 integrin-deficiency is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine responsiveness. FSL-1, a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide, also suppressed β6 integrin expression in GECs. Therefore, biofilm components, including lipopeptides, may downregulate αvβ6 integrin expression in the pocket epithelium and thus promote epithelial cell-driven pro-inflammatory response in periodontal disease.

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“…Only in a few cases it has been considered to participate in oral and periodontal infections [27]–[30] or to be the causative agent of a submasseteric abscess [31]. Nevertheless, as M. salivarium is difficult to culture, it has thus been rarely looked for.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasma salivarium as a Dominant Coloniser of Fanconi Anaemia Associated Oral Carcinoma

et al. 2014

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Mycoplasma salivarium belongs to the class of the smallest self-replicating Tenericutes and is predominantly found in the oral cavity of humans. In general it is considered as a non-pathogenic commensal. However, some reports point to an association with human diseases. M. salivarium was found e.g. as causative agent of a submasseteric abscess, in necrotic dental pulp, in brain abscess and clogged biliary stent. Here we describe the detection of M. salivarium on the surface of a squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue of a patient with Fanconi anaemia (FA). FA is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome based on defective DNA-repair that increases the risk of carcinomas especially oral squamous cell carcinoma. Employing high coverage, massive parallel Roche/454-next-generation-sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons we analysed the oral microbiome of this FA patient in comparison to that of an FA patient with a benign leukoplakia and five healthy individuals. The microbiota of the FA patient with leukoplakia correlated well with that of the healthy controls. A dominance of Streptococcus, Veillonella and Neisseria species was typically observed. In contrast, the microbiome of the cancer bearing FA patient was dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the healthy sites, which changed to a predominance of 98% M. salivarium on the tumour surface. Quantification of the mycoplasma load in five healthy, two tumour- and two leukoplakia-FA patients by TaqMan-PCR confirmed the prevalence of M. salivarium at the tumour sites. These new findings suggest that this mycoplasma species with its reduced coding capacity found ideal breeding grounds at the tumour sites. Interestingly, the oral cavity of all FA patients and especially samples at the tumour sites were in addition positive for Candida albicans. It remains to be elucidated in further studies whether M. salivarium can be used as a predictive biomarker for tumour development in these patients.

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Mycoplasma salivarium in human gingival sulci

Cited by 57 publications

References 35 publications

Real-time PCR analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites

Real-time PCR analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites

Suppression of αvβ6 Integrin Expression by Polymicrobial Oral Biofilms in Gingival Epithelial Cells

Mycoplasma salivarium as a Dominant Coloniser of Fanconi Anaemia Associated Oral Carcinoma

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