Mycoplasmosis: A Zoonotic Threat - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Economic Impact

Abstract

The world faces a growing threat from mycoplasmas, the smallest and most adaptable microorganisms that can infect a range of warm-blooded animals, birds, reptiles, insects, and plants. This chapter explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and economic impact of mycoplasmosis, emphasizing its zoonotic potential. Mycoplasmas, with their minimal genomes and lack of cell walls, navigate various host tissues, causing infections in the alimentary canal, respiratory and urogenital tracts, ocular region, mammary organs, and joints. Human infections involve species like M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium, responsible for respiratory diseases, joint infections, and reproductive issues. The chapter highlights the alarming rise of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae, impacting global health. Animal infections, such as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), result in painful symptoms and economic losses, with M. bovis being a significant pathogen in cattle.The zoonotic potential is evident as species primarily infecting animals, like M. ovis and M. suis, are found in humans. The economic impact spans various regions, with financial losses attributed to decreased productivity, embryonic mortality, and prevention efforts. Avian mycoplasmosis, affecting birds like chickens and turkeys, adds to economic burdens through decreased egg yield and hatchability. The chapter delves into the pathogenesis of mycoplasmas, highlighting their intracellular lifestyle and unique features such as variable surface proteins. The epidemiological landscape reveals their presence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sexually transmitted diseases. Vaccination efforts are explored, addressing diseases in various species, with emphasis on the challenges of developing cost-effective vaccines. Successful eradication programs for diseases like CBPP in China and M. hyo infections in Norway are discussed. In conclusion, mycoplasmosis poses a complex challenge globally, impacting both human and animal health. The chapter emphasizes the need for innovative strategies to address the limitations of existing control measures. Successful eradication programs offer hope, and a deeper understanding of mycoplasma biology is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic interventions.