Mycorrhizal type influences plant density dependence and species richness across 15 temperate forests

Jiang, Feng; Lutz, James A.; Guo, Qiqiang; Hao, Zhanqing; Wang, Xugao; Gilbert, Gregory S.; Mao, Ziqiang; Orwig, David A.; Parker, Geoffrey G.; Sang, Weiguo; Liu, Yankun; Tian, Songyan; Cadotte, Marc W.; Jin, Guangze

doi:10.1002/ecy.3259

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…S14) which, while potentially difficult to demonstrate conclusively, has long been held to be the case (Grier and Logan 1977). The spatially autocorrelated spread of saprophytic fungi (Holah et al 1997;Hansen and Goheen 2000), fungal symbionts (e.g., Feng et al 2021;Zhong et al 2021), and soil processes (e.g., Tamjidi and Lutz 2020) likely influenced this spatial relationship and subsequent patterns of deadwood accumulation. Although one might expect to be able to use live biomass as a proxy for deadwood biomass, our observations suggest that this assumption may not hold true.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of large-diameter trees to the creation of snag and deadwood biomass

et al. 2021

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Background Baseline levels of tree mortality can, over time, contribute to high snag densities and high levels of deadwood (down woody debris) if fire is infrequent and decomposition is slow. Deadwood can be important for tree recruitment, and it plays a major role in terrestrial carbon cycling, but deadwood is rarely examined in a spatially explicit context. Methods Between 2011 and 2019, we annually tracked all trees and snags ≥1 cm in diameter and mapped all pieces of deadwood ≥10 cm diameter and ≥1 m in length in 25.6 ha of Tsuga heterophylla / Pseudotsuga menziesii forest. We analyzed the amount, biomass, and spatial distribution of deadwood, and we assessed how various causes of mortality that contributed uniquely to deadwood creation. Results Compared to aboveground woody live biomass of 481 Mg ha−1 (from trees ≥10 cm diameter), snag biomass was 74 Mg ha−1 and deadwood biomass was 109 Mg ha−1 (from boles ≥10 cm diameter). Biomass from large-diameter trees (≥60 cm) accounted for 85%, 88%, and 58%, of trees, snags, and deadwood, respectively. Total aboveground woody live and dead biomass was 668 Mg ha−1. The annual production of downed wood (≥10 cm diameter) from tree boles averaged 4 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Woody debris was spatially heterogeneous, varying more than two orders of magnitude from 4 to 587 Mg ha−1 at the scale of 20 m × 20 m quadrats. Almost all causes of deadwood creation varied in importance between large-diameter trees and small-diameter trees. Biomass of standing stems and deadwood had weak inverse distributions, reflecting the long period of time required for trees to reach large diameters following antecedent tree mortalities and the centennial scale time required for deadwood decomposition. Conclusion Old-growth forests contain large stores of biomass in living trees, as well as in snag and deadwood biomass pools that are stable long after tree death. Ignoring biomass (or carbon) in deadwood pools can lead to substantial underestimations of sequestration and stability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of large-diameter trees to the creation of snag and deadwood biomass

et al. 2021

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“…S1. lack thereof) among large-diameter trees in temperate forests (Das et al 2008, Larson et al 2015, Lintz et al 2016, Furniss et al 2020, Jiang et al 2020.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differences in observed crowding across species and diameters reflect vestiges of processes past (dispersal, recruitment, and pre-study mortality events), particularly in late-seral forests (Lutz et al 2014, Furniss et al 2017, 2020; it was therefore necessary to decouple these from the recent spatially explicit survival processes of interest. We controlled for the existing spatial structure of trees to isolate a posteriori survival (Goreaud andPélissier 2003, Larson et al 2015) by centering the crowding index on the mean per species and diameter (Germain and Lutz 2020).…”

Section: Quantifying Diffuse Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shared friends counterbalance shared enemies in old forests

Germain

Lutz

2021

Ecology

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Mycorrhizal mutualisms are nearly ubiquitous across plant communities. Yet, it is still unknown whether facilitation among plants arises primarily from these mycorrhizal networks or from physical and ecological attributes of plants themselves. Here, we tested the relative contributions of mycorrhizae and plants to both positive and negative biotic interactions to determine whether plant-soil feedbacks with mycorrhizae neutralize competition and enemies within multitrophic forest community networks. We used Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear modeling to examine mycorrhizal-guild-specific and mortality-cause-specific woody plant survival compiled from a spatially and temporally explicit data set comprising 101,096 woody plants from three mixed-conifer forests across western North America. We found positive plant-soil feedbacks for large-diameter trees: species-rich woody plant communities indirectly promoted large tree survival when connected via mycorrhizal networks. Shared mycorrhizae primarily counterbalanced apparent competition mediated by tree enemies (e.g., bark beetles, soil pathogens) rather than diffuse competition between plants. We did not find the same survival benefits for small trees or shrubs. Our findings suggest that lower largediameter tree mortality susceptibility in species-rich temperate forests resulted from greater access to shared mycorrhizal networks. The interrelated importance of aboveground and belowground biodiversity to large tree survival may be critical for counteracting increasing pathogen, bark beetle, and density threats.

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“…Strong CNDD is pervasive in the tropics (Comita et al, 2014; Terborgh, 2012), making it an attractive potential driver of latitudinal patterns of tree diversity. However, there is also increasing support for CNDD as a mechanism that influences tree communities in temperate forests (Jiang et al, 2020, 2021; Johnson et al, 2012, 2014; McCarthy‐Neumann & Kobe, 2010; Ramage et al, 2017). While this work illustrates the potential for CNDD to drive population dynamics in temperate systems, there is wide variation in the strength of CNDD among tree species (Bennett et al, 2017; Johnson et al, 2014) and along environmental gradients (LaManna et al, 2016; Smith & Reynolds, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and observational evidence of negative conspecific density dependence in temperate ectomycorrhizal trees

Jevon

Cruz

LaManna

et al. 2022

Ecology

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Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) promotes tree species diversity by reducing recruitment near conspecific adults due to biotic feedbacks from herbivores, pathogens, or competitors. While this process is well-described in tropical forests, tests of temperate tree species range from strong positive to strong negative density dependence. To explain this, several studies have suggested that tree species traits may help predict the strength and direction of density dependence: for example, ectomycorrhizal-associated tree species typically exhibit either positive or weaker negative conspecific density dependence. More generally, the strength of density dependence may be predictably related to other species-specific ecological attributes such as shade tolerance, or the relative local abundance of a species. To test the strength of density dependence and whether it affects seedling community diversity in a temperate forest, we tracked the survival of seedlings of three ectomycorrhizal-associated species experimentally planted beneath conspecific and heterospecific adults on the Prospect Hill tract of the Harvard Forest, in Massachusetts, USA. Experimental seedling survival was always lower under conspecific adults, which increased seedling community diversity in one of six treatments. We compared these results to evidence of CNDD from observed sapling survival patterns of 28 species over approximately 8 years in an adjacent 35-ha forest plot. We tested whether species-specific estimates of CNDD were associated with mycorrhizal association, shade tolerance, and local abundance. We found evidence of significant, negative conspecific density dependence (CNDD) in 23 of 28 species, and positive conspecific

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Mycorrhizal type influences plant density dependence and species richness across 15 temperate forests

Cited by 30 publications

References 75 publications

The importance of large-diameter trees to the creation of snag and deadwood biomass

The importance of large-diameter trees to the creation of snag and deadwood biomass

Shared friends counterbalance shared enemies in old forests

Experimental and observational evidence of negative conspecific density dependence in temperate ectomycorrhizal trees

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