Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) Profile of Two Marine Red Macroalgae, Gelidium sp. and Ceramium sp.

Abstract

Macroalgae have evolved different strategies to mitigate the damaging effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), including accumulation of photoprotective compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). MAAs are secondary metabolites, synthesized by a large variety of organisms including macroalgae, phytoplanktons, cyanobacteria, lichen, fungi and some marine animals. MAAs act as photoprotectants and antioxidants. In the present investigation, MAAs profile of methanolic extracts of two marine red algae Gelidium sp. and Ceramium sp., collected from their natural environment, was studied. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-Vis spectrometry analyses were used to reveal different MAAs profile in the extracts obtained from these two red algae. The MAAs isolated by HPLC were identified as shinorine (λmax= 333.5 nm), porphyra-334 (λmax=332.3 nm) and palythine (λmax=317.9 nm) having retention times (RT) 1.26, 2.12 and 3.64 min, respectively, in the extract obtained from Gelidium sp. Similarly, shinorine (λmax=332.3 nm), porphyra-334 (λmax=333.5 nm) and palythinol (λmax=332.5 nm) with RT 1.27, 2.13 and 4.61 min, respectively, were identified in the extract obtained from Ceramium sp. This study revealed that Gelidium sp. and Ceramium sp. could serve as potential source for economical exploration of MAAs in pharmaceutical sciences.

Distribution, Contents, and Types of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) in Marine Macroalgae and a Database for MAAs Based on These Characteristics

“…MAAs were multi-functional compounds, namely included UV-photoprotective activity [54], antioxidant properties [91,119], and other possible activities, such as anti-desiccant, protective agents against temperature variations [120], and etc [23,[27][28][29][30][31]. Therefore, MAAs could be widely used in food, cosmetics, and medicine in the future [97].…”

Polyols and UV‐sunscreens in the Prasiola‐clade (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) as metabolites for stress response and chemotaxonomy

“…MAAs are the most common photoprotective compounds in aquatic organisms, from cyanobacteria and algae to invertebrates and fish (Dunlap andShick 1998, Sommaruga andGarcia-Pichel 1999). While MAAs have been investigated extensively in red algae (Karsten et al 1998, Franklin et al 1999, Karsten and Wiencke 1999, Karsten 2000, Kr€ abs et al 2002, Boedeker and Karsten 2005, Pandey et al 2017 as well as in cyanobacteria and lichens (Garcia-Pichel et al 1993, Budel et al 1997, Pattanaik et al 2008, Hartmann et al 2015, only little is known about their presence in aeroterrestrial Trebouxiophyceae and even less in the Prasiolaclade (Hartmann et al 2015). A putative MAA within the Trebouxiophyceae was first found in Prasiola crispa ssp.…”

MAA-Palythine Compound of Three Red (Macro) Algae: Gelidiella acerosa, Acanthophora spicifera and Hypnea musciformis of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India

“…Three different types of MAAs such as shinorine (λmax= 333.5 nm), porphyra-334 (λmax=332.3 nm) and palythine (λmax=317.9 nm) having retention times (RT) 1.26, 2.12 and 3.64 min, respectively, from Gelidium sp. and shinorine (λmax=332.3 nm), porphyra-334 (λmax=333.5 nm) and palythinol (λmax=332.5 nm) with RT 1.27, 2.13 and 4.61 min, respectively, from Ceramium sp., collected from the West Coast (Arabian Sea) of India (Pandey et al, 2017) The lyophilized methanol extract of Palmaria palmata found high polar MAAs i.e., palythine, shinorine, asterina-330 and porphyra and these compounds were separated and identified with the help of RP-HPLC in λ max 330 (Yuan et al, 2009;Carignan and Carreto, 2013;Sung-Suk et al, 2014).…”

“…There was an increasing amount of Mycosporine like amino acids in cyanobacteria species isolated from corals Porites sp., and Phormidium corium in Kavarathi reefs of the Lakshadweep islands exposed under UV-B treatment (Bhandari and Sharma, 2010). There was a lack of studies in isolation and identification of MAAs in marine flora and fauna of Gulf of Mannar, except a study done recently by Pandey et al, (2017) and they isolated shinorine, porphyra-334 and palythine types of MAAs from both marine red macro algae, Gelidium sp. and Ceramium sp., collected from the west coast (Arabian sea) of India.…”