Mycotoxicoses in horses: toxins, occurrence in feed, and the search for markers of exposure

Groß, Matthias; Wegner, S.; Friedrich, Karen; Machnik, Marc; Usleber, Ewald

doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-818-6_4

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…These samples were ground to a mean particle size of < 1 mm in a laboratory mill, and manually mixed again before each series of analyses. These samples were analysed for OTA and ZEN by competitive direct EIA as described previously (Liesener et al 2010 ; Gross et al 2015 ), while the EIA for AFB 1 (Gathumbi et al 2001 ) was used with a sample preparation method described by Märtlbauer et al ( 1991 ). Neither AFB 1 (detection limit 3 μg/kg) nor OTA (detection limit 4 μg/kg) was found in pellets and in oats, the ZEN-EIA determined 180 μg/kg in pellets and 7 μg/kg in oats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for fumonisins (5 mg/kg in feed), none of these recommendations specifically is dedicated to equine feeding stuff, and donkeys are not mentioned in this document at all. As a non-ruminant monogastric species, donkeys may be more sensitive towards adverse effects of mycotoxins, but again, little is known here except a specific sensitivity towards fumonisins, the causal agents for fatal leukoencephalomalacia in donkeys (Rosiles et al 1998 ; Gross et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk

2018

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The applicability of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) to analyse these toxins in donkey milk (Equus asinus) was studied. For AFM1 and OTA analysis, milk could be analysed by EIA without sample pretreatment. For ZEN, heat treatment at 78 °C for 30 min prior EIA analysis was required to avoid false positives. To include detection of phase II metabolites of ZEN, samples were additionally treated with glucuronidase/sulfatase for this EIA. Detection limits were 5 ng/kg (AFM1), 9 ng/kg (OTA) and 600 ng/kg (ZEN). All donkey milk samples were negative for all three toxins. Satisfactory quantitation was achieved for spiked samples. Analysis of some cereal-containing donkey feed components (pellets, oats) by EIA revealed absence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, < 3 μg/kg) and OTA (< 4 μg/kg), while ZEN was found in pellets (180 μg/kg) and in oats (7 μg/kg). This is the first one study on multitoxin determination in donkey milk by antibody-based test systems. In general, the results confirm that EIAs are convenient tools for mycotoxin detection in donkey milk. However, false-positive results may occur, possibly due to the high lysozyme content of donkey milk, which may exert inhibitory activity in some competitive EIA systems. Therefore, specific validation of each EIA for this specific matrix is required, and re-analysis after heat treatment of EIA-positive donkey milk is highly recommended.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk

2018

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“…No experimental data on OTA toxicity in horses was reported in the 2004 EFSA opinion. Although it has been suggested that, like other monogastric species, solipeds might be more susceptible to OTA than ruminants (Gross et al., 2015 ), no relevant reports documenting adverse effects of the mycotoxin in those species were retrieved from recent literature.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for animal health related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed

Schrenk,

Bignami,

Bodin

et al. 2023

EFS2

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In 2004, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) adopted a Scientific Opinion on the risks to animal health and transfer from feed to food of animal origin related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed. The European Commission requested EFSA to assess newly available scientific information and to update the 2004 Scientific Opinion. OTA is produced by several fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. In most animal species it is rapidly and extensively absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract, binds strongly to plasma albumins and is mainly detoxified to ochratoxin alpha (OTalpha) by ruminal microbiota. In pigs, OTA has been found mainly in liver and kidney. Transfer of OTA from feed to milk in ruminants and donkeys as well as to eggs from poultry is confirmed but low. Overall, OTA impairs function and structure of kidneys and liver, causes immunosuppression and affects the zootechnical performance (e.g. body weight gain, feed/gain ratio, etc.), with monogastric species being more susceptible than ruminants because of limited detoxification to OTalpha. The CONTAM Panel considered as reference point (RP) for adverse animal health effects: for pigs and rabbits 0.01 mg OTA/kg feed, for chickens for fattening and hens 0.03 mg OTA/kg feed. A total of 9,184 analytical results on OTA in feed, expressed in dry matter, were available. Dietary exposure was assessed using different scenarios based on either model diets or compound feed (complete feed or complementary feed plus forage). Risk characterisation was made for the animals for which an RP could be identified. The CONTAM Panel considers that the risk related to OTA in feed for adverse health effects for pigs, chickens for fattening, hens and rabbits is low.

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Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and related metabolites on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro and background occurrence of these toxins in horses

Schumann¹,

Winkler

Mickenautsch

et al. 2016

Mycotoxin Res

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Both deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their metabolites are known to modulate immune cells in various species whereby viability and proliferation are influenced. Such effects were rarely examined in horses. Therefore, one aim of the present study was to titrate the inhibitory concentrations of DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3AcDON), de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1), ZEN, and α- and β-zearalenol (ZEL) at which viability and proliferation of equine PBMC were reduced by 50 % (IC50) and 10 % (IC10) in vitro. For evaluation of practical relevance of the in vitro findings, a further aim was to screen horses for the background occurrence of DON, ZEN, and their metabolites in systemic circulation and to relate toxin residues both to the inhibitory toxin concentrations and to hematological and clinical-chemical characteristics.The IC50 (μM) for DON, 3AcDON, β-ZEL, α-ZEL, and ZEN were determined at 3.09, 25.90, 75.44, 97.44, and 98.15 in unstimulated cells, respectively, while in proliferating cells, the corresponding IC50 values were 0.73, 6.89, 45.16, 75.96, and 82.51. Neither viability nor proliferation was influenced by DOM-1 up to a concentration of 100 μM.The in vivo screening (N = 49) revealed the occurrence of ZEN (N = 24), α-ZEL (N = 3), β-ZEL (N = 37), DON, and DOM-1 (N = 2). The detected concentrations were much lower than the corresponding IC50 while the IC10 of DON and β-ZEL for proliferating PBMC corresponded to approximately 26 and 35 ng/mL which might be relevant when contaminated diets are fed.Clinical-chemical and hematological traits were not related to mycotoxin residue levels excepting blood urea nitrogen which was positively correlated to the sum of β-ZEL, α-ZEL, and ZEN concentration. Whether this reflects simply the feeding history of the horses or renal failures giving rise to a prolonged half-life of the toxins needs to be clarified further.

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Mycotoxicoses in horses: toxins, occurrence in feed, and the search for markers of exposure

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk

Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk

Risks for animal health related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed

Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and related metabolites on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro and background occurrence of these toxins in horses

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