Mycotoxin Contamination Concerns of Herbs and Medicinal Plants

Ałtyn, Iwona; Twarużek, Magdalena

doi:10.3390/toxins12030182

Cited by 68 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Nowadays, several studies have reported the presence of mycotoxins in herbal plants and derivative products, considering that this contamination is a global issue, particularly in developing countries [ 5 ]. In fact, previous investigations reported that, under specific conditions, toxigenic fungal species from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria genus can generate mycotoxins and contaminate herbal medicines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Jai

Zinedine

Juan-García

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs), as herbal material, are subjected to contamination by various mycotoxin-producing fungi, either free and conjugated. Such a problem is associated with poor storage practices, and lack of adopting good agricultural practices and good harvesting practices. Nevertheless, AMPs are poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2, and HT-2 toxins) in 40 samples of AMPs frequently consumed in Morocco by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of conjugated mycotoxins and their identification using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with ion mass exact was also carried out. Results showed that 90% of the analyzed samples presented at least one mycotoxin, and 52% presented co-occurrence of them. Mycotoxins detected were: AOH (85%), ZEN (27.5%), β-ZEL (22%), AFG1 (17.5%), TENT (17.5%), ENB (10%), AFG2 (7.5%), α-ZEL (5%), ENA1 (2.5%), and HT-2 (2.5%), while the conjugated mycotoxins were ZEN-14-Glc (11%) and ZEN-14-Sulf (9%). The highest observed level was for AOH, with 309 ng/g. Ten samples exceeded the recommended levels set by the European Pharmacopoeia for AF mycotoxins in plant material (4 ng/g), and three samples exceeded the maximum limits for AFs (10 ng/g) in species established by the European Commission. Although the co-occurrence of several mycotoxins in AMP samples was observed, the dietary exposure assessment showed that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of AMP beverages does not represent a risk for the population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Jai

Zinedine

Juan-García

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…There is an increased demand for the use of plant extracts and their compounds and this raises concerns about the safety, toxicity and quality of these products. Studies have reported the contamination of plant materials with medicinal properties by mycotoxins ( Ashiq et al., 2014 ; Mulaudzi, 2019 ; Altyn and Twaruzek, 2020 ; Thipe et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, research has shown that many plant extracts used in traditional medicine and as food ingredients are toxic and mutagenic.…”

Section: Mitigation Of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins Using Botanicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins

Makhuvele

Naidu

Gbashi

et al. 2020

Heliyon

104

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Mycotoxins present a great concern to food safety and security due to their adverse health and socio-economic impacts. The necessity to formulate novel strategies that can mitigate the economic and health effects associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed commodities without any impact on public health, quality and nutritional value of food and feed, economy and trade industry become imperative. Various strategies have been adopted to mitigate mycotoxin contamination but often fall short of the required efficacy. One of the promising approaches is the use of bioactive plant components/metabolites synergistically with mycotoxin-absorbing components in order to limit exposure to these toxins and associated negative health effects. In particular, is the fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulated with bioactive compounds of plant origin to inhibit toxigenic fungi and decontaminate mycotoxins in food and feed without leaving any health and environmental hazard to the consumers. The present paper reviews the use of botanicals extracts and their phytochemicals coupled with β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge technology to inhibit toxigenic fungal invasion and detoxify mycotoxins.

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“…However, overuse of these synthetic substances may have a long influence on environmental pollution and human health issues. The reported liver effects of pesticide and herbicide residues include hepatocellular hypertrophy and cytoplasm degeneration, obstructive cholestasis, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, and hepatic mitochondrial toxicity [ 114 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 ].…”

Section: Nonphyto-hepatotoxins From Hmpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Hepatotoxins Found in Herbal Medicinal Products: A Systematic Review

Quan

Xuan

Teschke

2020

IJMS

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The risk of liver injury associated with the use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) is well known among physicians caring for patients under a HMP therapy, as documented in case reports or case series and evidenced by using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) to verify a causal relationship. In many cases, however, the quality of HMPs has rarely been considered regarding potential culprits such as contaminants and toxins possibly incriminated as causes for the liver injury. This review aims to comprehensively assemble details of tentative hepatotoxic contaminants and toxins found in HMPs. Based on the origin, harmful agents may be divided according two main sources, namely the phyto-hepatotoxin and the nonphyto-hepatotoxin groups. More specifically, phyto-hepatotoxins are phytochemicals or their metabolites naturally produced by plants or internally in response to plant stress conditions. In contrast, nonphyto-hepatotoxic elements may include contaminants or adulterants occurring during collection, processing and production, are the result of accumulation of toxic heavy metals by the plant itself due to soil pollutions, or represent mycotoxins, herbicidal and pesticidal residues. The phyto-hepatotoxins detected in HMPs are classified into eight major groups consisting of volatile compounds, phytotoxic proteins, glycosides, terpenoid lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and phenolic acids. Nonphyto-hepatotoxins including metals, mycotoxins, and pesticidal and herbicidal residues and tentative mechanisms of toxicity are discussed. In conclusion, although a variety of potential toxic substances may enter the human body through HMP use, the ability of these toxins to trigger human liver injury remains largely unclear.

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Mycotoxin Contamination Concerns of Herbs and Medicinal Plants

Cited by 68 publications

References 60 publications

Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population

The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins

Potential Hepatotoxins Found in Herbal Medicinal Products: A Systematic Review

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