Mycotoxin-producing fungi occurring in sorghum grains from Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Thirty one species belonging to 17 fungal genera were found to be associated with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain samples imported to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. An agar plate method was used to screen 24 samples collected from different markets located in Riyadh region. Statistical comparisons of fungal isolation frequencies revealed that Aspergillus niger, Penicillium funiculesum and Rhizopus stolonifer were most frequently isolated from untreated grains, while A. niger, P. funiculesum and F. semitectum, were most dominant in surface-sterilized grains. Significant correlation coefficients were observed among frequencies of some fungal species. Mycotoxin investigations using HPLC revealed that mycotoxinproducing isolates varied in the type and concentration of toxins produced. A. niger isolates were the highest producers of aflatoxins, followed by A. flavus var. columnaris and A. terreus, P. funiculosum was the highest producer of the Penicillium toxin Patulin (41 ppb), while P. oxalicum was the highest producer of citreoviridin (10 ppb). F. verticillioides was the highest producer of the Fusarium toxins fumonisin (19.1 ppb) and Zearalenone (21.4 ppb). F. nygamai was the highest producer of vomitoxin (31.3 ppb). Two of the three Alternaria isolates were altenuene producers.

A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin

“…Penicillium cyclopium Efimenko and Yakimov, 1960;Frank, 1972;Leistner and Pitt, 1977 Penicillium dipodomyicola Dombrinck-Kurtzman, 2007;Frisvad et al, 1987Houbraken et al, 2016;Luque et al, Burton, 1949;Burton and Pausacker, 1947 see P. expansum Penicillium expansum Luijk, 1938;Andersen et al, 2004;Anslow et al, 1943;Borkowska Opacka and Escoula, 1977;Casquete et al, 2017;Chunmei et al, 2013;Dombrinck-Kurtzman, 2007;Dombrink-Kurtzman and Blackburn, 2005;El-Samawaty et al, 2013;Frisvad and Filtenborg, 1983;Harwig et al, 1973;Larsen et al, 1998;Okeke et al, 1993;Paster et al, 1995;Paterson, 2004 (IDH gene); Paterson et al, 2003;Sommer et al, 1974;Steiman et al, 1989;Welke et al, 2011Penicillium fellutanum Vismer et al, 1996Penicillium funiculosum Steiman et al, 1989Vismer et al, 1996;Yassin et al, 2010 …”

Epicoccum nigrum the new pathogen of sorghum seed in Serbia

“…E. nigrum je anamorfna vrsta razdela Ascomycota i proizvodi karakteristične muriformne konidije tamnog pigmenta (Mims & Richardson 2005). Rasprostranjena je širom sveta kao primarni razlagač organskih materija u prirodi, vezuje se za različite tipove zemljišta, ali detektovana je i kao patogen na brojnim biljkama domaćinima (Yassin et al 2010, Fávaro et al 2011. E. nigrum je opisana kao endofit vinove loze (Martini et al 2009), patogen uskladištenih dinja kantalupa (Bruton et al 1993), ali i kao patogen semena sirka (Yassin et al 2010).…”

“…Rasprostranjena je širom sveta kao primarni razlagač organskih materija u prirodi, vezuje se za različite tipove zemljišta, ali detektovana je i kao patogen na brojnim biljkama domaćinima (Yassin et al 2010, Fávaro et al 2011. E. nigrum je opisana kao endofit vinove loze (Martini et al 2009), patogen uskladištenih dinja kantalupa (Bruton et al 1993), ali i kao patogen semena sirka (Yassin et al 2010). Pojedini izolati E. nigrum proizvode niz sekundarnih metabolita koji se primenjuju za biološku kontrolu Monilinia spp.…”

“…kretala se od 0,6-3,0%, u proseku 2%, što je u skladu sa nivom zaraze zabeleženim od strane Lević et al (2008), koji su ustanovili i značajno viši nivo zaraze drugim fitopatogenim gljivama. Sličan nivo zaraze semena sirka sa E. nigrum zabeležen je i u Saudijskoj Arabiji (1,76-2,44%) (Yassin et al 2010) i Etiopiji naročito posle perioda skladištenja (u proseku 2,46%) (Dejene et al 2004).…”

Characterization of Fusarium species pathogen for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Serbia and genotype susceptibility

“…ex Schlecht.) (Yassin et al, 2010). Prouzrokovače plesnivosti zrna čine gljive iz oko 40 rodova, meĎu kojima su najznačajnije F. thapsinum, F. semitectum, C. lunata, C. graminicola, A. alternata i P. sorghina (Frederiksen and Odvody, 2000).…”