Mycotoxins from Beehive Pollen Mycoflora

Cirigliano, Adriana M.; Rodríguez, María Alejandra; Godeas, Alicia Margarita; Cabrera, Gabriela M.

doi:10.9734/jsrr/2014/7218

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Medina et al (2004) stated that BP could constitute a significant risk factor in the diet of consumers by the presence of ochratoxin Shepard et al (2013) described zearalenone as the main mycotoxin in BP. Cirigliano et al (2014) studied in vitro mycotoxins produced by two species of fungi isolated from BP. None of the previous works analyzed the presence of mycotoxins in BP samples for human consumption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Argentine commercial bee pollen intended for human consumption

Fernández,

Fernández Etchegaray,

Grandinetti

et al. 2023

Rev. FCA UNCUYO

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Bee pollen is consumed as a dietary supplement. Its quality parameters are regulated by the Argentine Food Code (AFCode). The present study characterized 10 commercial dehydrated samples from five Argentine provinces to provide information on hygienic quality and health safety. We assessed their microbiological quality, including potential mycotoxins. We also determined their botanical origin and moisture. Results showed that seven out of ten samples presented lower counts of culturable heterotrophic mesophilic bacteria than those allowed by the AFCode. In contrast, all samples showed higher filamentous fungi and yeast counts than the level approved by the AFCode. No fumonisin or deoxynivalenol was detected; we observed only aflatoxin B2 in one sample and ochratoxin A in two. The results of the botanical origin of samples showed that all samples had a predominant pollen type, except one. The microbiological quality of all samples agreed with that required by the AFCode, except filamentous fungi and yeasts. In addition, we found variations among samples from the same province. Therefore, if pollen is intended for human consumption, appropriate hygiene standards must be applied to all bee pollen production operations. Highlights: The microbiological quality of bee pollen samples, regardless of the province or botanical origin, agreed with the requirements of the AFCode, except for filamentous fungus and yeast. All samples showed filamentous fungus and yeast counts higher than the permitted level in the AFCode. Mycotoxin levels found in bee pollen were far from the limits allowed in humans (10 µg.kg-1) by regulations for other foods. All samples analyzed were pollen mixes verified by identifying numerous botanical species. The characterization of Argentinian commercial bee pollen showed that it was suitable for human consumption.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Argentine commercial bee pollen intended for human consumption

Fernández,

Fernández Etchegaray,

Grandinetti

et al. 2023

Rev. FCA UNCUYO

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“…More than a hundred mycotoxins are known, and most of them are produced by some of the species belonging to one of three fungi genera: Aspergillus , Penicillium and/or Fusarium [ 34 ]. According to the available literature [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ] the presence of the following mycotoxins in pollen has been investigated or proved with appropriate analytical methods and analysis: Aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins (OTs), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and its acetoxy derivative, T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol, roridin A, verrucarrin A, α-β-dehydrocurvularin, phomalactone,6-(1-propenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-2-one, 5-[1-(1hydroxibut-2-enyl)]-dihydrofuran-2-one and 5-[1-(1-hydroxibut-2-enyl)]-furan-2-one.…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Pollenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was determined that some of the samples were contaminated with neosolaniol and nivalenol ( Table 2 ), while all other examined toxins were below limit detection. A report made by Cirigiliano et al [ 46 ] should also be mentioned as their study was the first to detect seven specific mycotoxins (roridin A, verrucarrin A, α-β-dehydrocurvularin, phomalactone,6-(1-propenyl)-3-,4,5,6-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-4H-pirane-2-one, 5-[1-(1-hydroxibut-2-enyl)]-dihydrofuran-2-one and 5-[1-(1-hydroxibut-2-enyl)]-furan-2-one) in beehives from Argentina with pronounced antifungal effect. Roridin A, verrucarin A, and α-β-dehydrocurvularin were isolated from strains of fungi Myrothecium verrucaria while other mycotoxins were obtained as result of Nigrospora sphaerica strains activity.…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Pollenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Pollen: Review

Kostić

Milinčić

Petrović

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Due to its divergent chemical composition and good nutritional properties, pollen is not only important as a potential food supplement but also as a good substrate for the development of different microorganisms. Among such microorganisms, toxigenic fungi are extremely dangerous as they can synthesize mycotoxins as a part of their metabolic pathways. Furthermore, favorable conditions that enable the synthesis of mycotoxins (adequate temperature, relative humidity, pH, and aw values) are found frequently during pollen collection and/or production process. Internationally, several different mycotoxins have been identified in pollen samples, with a noted predominance of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin. Mycotoxins are, generally speaking, extremely harmful for humans and other mammals. Current EU legislation contains guidelines on the permissible content of this group of compounds, but without information pertaining to the content of mycotoxins in pollen. Currently only aflatoxins have been researched and discussed in the literature in regard to proposed limits. Therefore, the aim of this review is to give information about the presence of different mycotoxins in pollen samples collected all around the world, to propose possible aflatoxin contamination pathways, and to emphasize the importance of a regular mycotoxicological analysis of pollen. Furthermore, a suggestion is made regarding the legal regulation of pollen as a food supplement and the proposed tolerable limits for other mycotoxins.

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Bee pollen beyond nutrition: An integrated review of its chemical, pharmacological, and biological properties

Rupanar,

Satpute,

Gadhave

et al. 2024

J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci

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Bee pollen, renowned for its nutritional richness and therapeutic properties, harbors a complex array of compounds influenced by geographical origins and plant sources. In recent years, bee pollen has gained significant attention owing to its recognized potential health benefits and nutritional value. A systematic review was undertaken, encompassing peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and ethnobotanical studies, to gather pertinent information on bee pollen, its chemical constituents, and its physiological effects on human health. The assessment emphasizes the complex chemical composition of bee pollen, comprising carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and enzymes. Various analytical methods have been employed to characterize the components of bee pollen, highlighting its complex composition. Bee pollen contains life-essential proteins, making up an average of 22.7%, and essential amino acids such as isoleucine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and tryptophan. Geographical variations emphasize its diversity, underscoring the need for comprehensive analysis. Contemporary scientific investigations have initiated the revelation of bee pollen’s potential health benefits. Beyond its nutritional value, bee pollen exhibits a spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunostimulatory, and hepatoprotective effects, suggesting its therapeutic value in addressing a spectrum of health conditions. Additionally, its biological effects on different physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, and respiratory systems, are explored. Recognized as a pivotal resource for medicinal development, bee pollen warrants systematic and scientific scrutiny to fully unravel its multifaceted activities and therapeutic potential. The objective of this study is to offer a thorough exploration of the background and existing scientific literature concerning bee pollen. The study seeks to examine in detail the composition, nutritional importance, therapeutic applications, and potential health benefits associated with bee pollen. Further exploration of bee pollen may pave the way for the creation of innovative therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements, enriching both traditional and evidence-based healthcare approaches.

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Mycotoxins from Beehive Pollen Mycoflora

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Characterization of Argentine commercial bee pollen intended for human consumption

Characterization of Argentine commercial bee pollen intended for human consumption

Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Pollen: Review

Bee pollen beyond nutrition: An integrated review of its chemical, pharmacological, and biological properties

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