Mycotoxins in Grains and Cereals Intended for Human Consumption: Brazilian Legislation, Occurrence Above Maximum Levels and Co-Occurrence

Corrêa, Aldrey Nathália Ribeiro; Ferreira, Cristiano Dietrich

doi:10.1080/87559129.2022.2098318

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…However, it is crucial to remain vigilant and continuously monitor mycotoxin levels in grains to ensure food safety and adherence to regulatory guidelines (FAO) [ 24 ]. Some countries like Brazil has recently focused more attention to legislation on mycotoxin contamination of grains to check occurrences above maximum limits and co-occurrence [ 25 ]. The results from Table 2 indicate a significant increase in mycotoxin levels during grain storage, which aligns with previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of mycotoxins in grains sold in Idah, Ajaka and Ogbogbo areas of Nigeria

Ukwuru,

Muritala

2023

Access Microbiology

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Mycotoxin contamination in grains is a significant concern due to its adverse effects on human and animal health. Understanding the levels and patterns of mycotoxin contamination in different regions and storage conditions is crucial for developing effective control strategies. This study aimed to assess mycotoxin levels in stored and recently harvested grains in three regions (Idah, Ajaka, and Ogbogbo) and investigate the implications for food safety. The study involved the analysis of mycotoxin levels in maize, rice, sorghum, and millet using appropriate mycotoxin extraction method based on the mycotoxins of interest and a suitable HPLC system. The findings revealed the presence of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (1±0.2–5±0.4 µg kg−1), deoxynivalenol (520±0.8–700±1.2 µg kg−1), zearalenone (200±0.4–370±0.6 µg kg−1), ochratoxins (2±0.2–4±0.3 µg kg−1), and fumonisin (0±0.0–4±0.3 µg kg−1) in both recently harvested and stored grains. Patulin was absent in most of the samples. Variations in mycotoxin levels were observed among different grains and regions, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. The European Commission mycotoxin standards in grains for human consumption are: aflatoxins 4 µg kg−1 in maize, millet and sorghum while rice is 8 µg kg−1, deoxynivalenal 1750 µg kg−1, zearalenone 100 µg kg−1, ochratoxin A 5 µg kg−1 for maize, rice and millet, then 10 µg kg−1 for sorghum. Fumonisin is 4000 µg kg−1 but no level for rice and patulin is 50 µg kg−1 for rice and none for the other grains. This study demonstrates the persistence of mycotoxin contamination in stored grains and the importance of considering specific crop types and geographical locations when addressing mycotoxin contamination. The findings underscore the significance of implementing effective control measures to mitigate mycotoxin contamination and enhance food safety. The study provides valuable insights into mycotoxin contamination and emphasizes the need for comprehensive risk assessment studies and appropriate regulatory measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of mycotoxins in grains sold in Idah, Ajaka and Ogbogbo areas of Nigeria

Ukwuru,

Muritala

2023

Access Microbiology

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“…The EC has set an ML for OTA in cocoa at 3 µg/kg, 5 µg/kg for unprocessed cereal grains, and between 2 and 4 µg/kg for products derived from cereals, depending on the ingredients. In comparison, in Brazil, the maximum limit for OTA in coffee, cocoa beans, cereals, and cereal products is 10 µg/kg [110]. Although a significant portion of cocoa production occurs in Western Africa, reports of OTA contamination in cocoa are relatively limited [111].…”

Section: Ochratoxin a Occurrence In Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, OTA was detected in milk; therefore, in the EU, the ML for OTA in infant formulates is 0.50 µg/kg [32]. Table 3 shows a comparison of the OTA maximum limits set in different countries, which indicates that the European Union [32], along with Brazil [110], Turkey, and Vietnam, have set stringent OTA limits for various plant products or processed products [112]. In contrast, the FAO WHO Codex Alimentarius merely suggests a limit of 5.0 µg/kg for unprocessed cereal grains and 20 µg/kg for Capsicum dried fruits [113].…”

Section: Ochratoxin a Occurrence In Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies

Ben Miri,

Benabdallah,

Chentir

et al. 2024

Foods

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by some mold species from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been detected in cereals, cereal-derived products, dried fruits, wine, grape juice, beer, tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, spices, licorice, processed meat, cheese, and other foods. OTA can induce a wide range of health effects attributable to its toxicological properties, including teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. OTA is not only toxic to humans but also harmful to livestock like cows, goats, and poultry. This is why the European Union and various countries regulate the maximum permitted levels of OTA in foods. This review intends to summarize all the main aspects concerning OTA, starting from the chemical structure and fungi that produce it, its presence in food, its toxicity, and methods of analysis, as well as control strategies, including both fungal development and methods of inactivation of the molecule. Finally, the review provides some ideas for future approaches aimed at reducing the OTA levels in foods.

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“…In 2020, a global analysis using data of around 500,000 analyses indicated that the detection rate of mycotoxins in all food and feed crops worldwide was up to 60%–80% [ 11 , 12 ]. Many countries and regions have established limits for mycotoxins, including ZEN, AFB 1 , and DON in grains and their derivatives [ [13] , [14] , [15] ]. The European Union (EU) has established a uniform limit of 100 μg/kg for ZEN in unprocessed wheat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the impact of drying on common wheat quality and safety

Tian,

Yang

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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Mycotoxins in Grains and Cereals Intended for Human Consumption: Brazilian Legislation, Occurrence Above Maximum Levels and Co-Occurrence

Cited by 9 publications

References 81 publications

Evaluation of mycotoxins in grains sold in Idah, Ajaka and Ogbogbo areas of Nigeria

Evaluation of mycotoxins in grains sold in Idah, Ajaka and Ogbogbo areas of Nigeria

Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies

Analysis of the impact of drying on common wheat quality and safety

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