Mycotoxins: Producing Fungi and Mechanisms of Phytotoxicity

Ismaiel, Ahmed A.; Papenbrock, Jutta

doi:10.3390/agriculture5030492

Cited by 255 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 269 publications

(280 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, fungi are also known for their pathogenic characteristics. Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that are toxic for humans, animals, and plants (Ismaiel and Papenbrock, 2015). As fungal contaminants of f ood, mycot oxins possess carcinogenic properties, life threatening toxicity, and other potential chronic effects (Ali, Xi & Coudray, 2016;Gong, Watson & Routledge, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) as Dna Barcoding to Identify Fungal Species: a Review

Fajarningsih

2016

Squalen Bull. Marine Fisheries Postharvest Biotech.

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Despite the fact that fungi are important sources of both bioactive compounds and mycotoxins, and that they are very ubiquitous in our environment, their species identification is hampered by incomplete and often unclear literature. Fungi identification is primarily based on their phenotypic and physiological characteristics. Nowadays, many molecular methods to identify fungal species have been developed. One of the methods considered as a new concept to rapidly and accurately identify unknown fungal sample is DNA Barcoding. This literature review will outline the use of DNA barcoding approach to rapidly identify fungal species and the use of ITS region that recently has been designated as primary DNA barcode for fungal kingdom. "DNA barcode" is a short, highly variable and standardized DNA region with approximately 700 nucleotides in length, which is used as a unique pattern to identify living things. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of nuclear DNA (rDNA) has become the most sequenced region to identify fungal taxonomy at species level, and even within species. ITS region is a highly polymorphic noncoding region with enough taxonomic units. Therefore, it is able to separate sequences into species level. Even though ribosomal ITS as a universal barcode marker for fungi is still hampered by few limitations, the ITS will remain as the key choice for fungal identification. The search for alternative regions as DNA marker to improve fungal identification, especially in specific heredities, has already started.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) as Dna Barcoding to Identify Fungal Species: a Review

Fajarningsih

2016

Squalen Bull. Marine Fisheries Postharvest Biotech.

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“…Occurrence of fungi spores depending on air temperature and precipitation people [40]. Alternaria alternata is capable of producing tenuazonic acid and other toxic metabolites that may be associated with disease in humans or animals [41]. A high occurrence also was recorded in the case of aerobic spore-forming bacteria, yeasts, and genus Pantoea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Risks from Long-Term Storage of Wood Chips

Lieskovský¹,

Gejdoš²,

Messingerová³

et al. 2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Renewable energy sources based on wood are becoming increasingly important and popular. However, their increased consumption is inevitably connected with questioning their quality [1][2]. Quality is in specific cases determined by the method of production and the storage process [3][4]. The quality of wood chips is at present evaluated according to the calorific value and moisture content, which are often influenced, besides the wood species itself, by weather conditions and storage method [5][6][7][8][9]. The increased number of plants using wood chips as a source of energy is connected with raising the question of health and safety hazards associated with the production and storage of wood chips. The factors most hazardous for human health are represented by the hazards associated with the activity of fungi and moulds in Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 26, No. 6 (2017), 2633-2641 AbstractThe aim of our study was to monitor and analyze the main biological hazards connected to the long-term storage of wood chips for energy production. The analysis was carried out in four high-capacity storage yards of the town heating plants in the Banská Bystrica self-governing region in Slovakia. Five samples were taken from each pile of a rectangular shape and volume over 4,000 m 3 ; the sampling was carried out at the beginning of the monitoring period and at the end of the monitoring period (after one year). Thirtyfour species of microscopic fungi were identified (18 at the beginning of the monitoring period and 16 at the end of the monitoring period). Thirty-three of them can potentially cause severe diseases. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus, causing severe diseases, were identified as the most abundant. The research confirmed that if the length of storage time is more than a year, the potential hazards for human health increase due to the increasing number of spore-forming pathogens. Following the monitoring of atmospheric conditions the highest increase of harmful spores was recorded at the average annual temperature of 10ºC and precipitation of over 1,000 mm a year.

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“…The biological reduction of CGs as a source of cyanide, as well as mycotoxins, has gained popularity and has been a huge research focus area [17,22,23]. As such, genetically modiied cassava cultivars, with a suppressed cytochrome P450 gene (producers of enzymes CYP79D1 and CYP79D2) functionality, may inhibit the iniltration of linamarin as it can be converted to free cyanide from valine [25].…”

Section: Biological Reduction Of Cyanogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some microorganisms and plants synthesise these compounds for their survival when exposed to harsh environmental conditions, their cumulative production can contribute to ecological disturbances. Furthermore, various arthropods and invertebrates were also determined to produce cyanogens as a defence mechanism and for a control of mating behaviour [17,18], although on a minute scale, with research by Jones [19] indicating that plants including microorganisms are known to be major producers of these compounds owing to their physiology. Thus, the presence and loading of these cyanogens and mycotoxins into terrestrial ecosystems are largely overlooked, although they have some negative efects on the physico-chemical and biological properties of soil, particularly arable land as well as the environment in general [10,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Cyanogens and Mycotoxins from Cultivated Cassava into Agricultural Soil: Effects on Groundwater Quality

Itoba-Tombo¹,

Ntwampe²,

Mudumbi³

2017

Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks

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Cyanogens and mycotoxins are vital in protecting lora against predation. Nevertheless, their increased concentrations and by-products in agricultural soil could result in produce contamination and decreased crop yield and soil productivity. When exposed to unsuitable weather conditions, agricultural produce such as cassava is susceptible to bacterial and fungal atack, culminating in spoilage, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, and contributing to cyanogen and mycotoxins loading of the arable land. The movement of cyanogen including mycotoxins in such soil can result in sub-surface and/ or groundwater contamination, thus deteriorating the soil's environmental health and negatively afecting wildlife and humans. Persistent cyanogen and mycotoxins loading into agricultural soil changes its physico-chemical characteristics and biotic parameters. These contaminants and their biodegradation by-products can be dispersed from soil's surface and sub-surface to groundwater systems by permeation and percolation through the upper soil layer into underground water reservoirs, which can result in their exposure to humans and wildlife. Thus, an assessment and monitoring of cyanogen and mycotoxins loading impacts on arable land and groundwater in communities with minimal resources should be done. Overall, these toxicants impacts on agricultural soil's biotic community, afect soil's aggregates, functionality and lead to the soil's low productivity, cross-contamination of fresh agricultural produce.

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Mycotoxins: Producing Fungi and Mechanisms of Phytotoxicity

Cited by 255 publications

References 269 publications

Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) as Dna Barcoding to Identify Fungal Species: a Review

Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) as Dna Barcoding to Identify Fungal Species: a Review

Biological Risks from Long-Term Storage of Wood Chips

Leaching of Cyanogens and Mycotoxins from Cultivated Cassava into Agricultural Soil: Effects on Groundwater Quality

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